📋 By the end of this lesson:📋 Mwishoni mwa somo:📋 Lesson hii ikisha:
Compare the characteristics of healthy and unhealthy relationships using a detailed frameworkLinganisha sifa za mahusiano ya afya na yasiyokuwa ya afya ukitumia mfumo wa kinaCompare characteristics za healthy na unhealthy relationships ukitumia detailed framework
Identify red flags and explain love bombing as a control tacticTambua bendera nyekundu na eleza love bombing kama mbinu ya udhibitiTambua red flags na eleza love bombing kama control tactic
Explain the FRIES model of consent and identify situations where consent is absentEleza mfano wa FRIES wa ridhaa na tambua hali ambapo ridhaa haipoEleza FRIES model ya consent na tambua situations ambapo consent haipo
Recognise online grooming tactics and apply digital safety strategiesTambua mbinu za utayarishaji wa mtandaoni na tumia mikakati ya usalama wa kidijitaliTambua online grooming tactics na tumia digital safety strategies
Describe how to safely leave an unhealthy relationship and access Kenya's support resourcesEleza jinsi ya kutoka salama katika uhusiano mbaya na kupata rasilimali za msaada za KenyaEleza jinsi ya kutoka safely kwa unhealthy relationship na kupata Kenya's support resources
🔍 Big Question: What does a relationship that truly supports who you are — rather than who someone wants you to be — actually look and feel like?🔍 Swali Kubwa: Uhusiano unaokusaidia kweli kweli kuwa wewe mwenyewe — badala ya mtu mwingine anatakayekuwa — unaonekana na kuhisiwa vipi kweli kweli?🔍 Big Question: Relationship inayokusaidia kweli kweli kuwa wewe mwenyewe — badala ya mtu mwingine anatakayekuwa — inaonekana na kuhisiwa vipi kweli kweli?
💚 Healthy vs Unhealthy RelationshipsMahusiano ya Afya dhidi ya Yasiyokuwa ya AfyaHealthy vs Unhealthy Relationships
Healthy relationships — friendship, family, romantic — share the same core qualities. Learn them and you will always know the difference.Mahusiano ya afya — urafiki, familia, ya kimapenzi — yanashiriki sifa zinazofanana za msingi. Yajifunze na utajua tofauti daima.Healthy relationships — urafiki, familia, romantic — yanashiriki core qualities zinazofanana. Yajifunza na utajua tofauti daima.
Quality ENSifa SWSifa SH
What It Looks Like — Healthy ENInavyoonekana — Yenye Afya SWInavyoonekana — Healthy SH
What It Looks Like — Unhealthy ENInavyoonekana — Isiyo ya Afya SWInavyoonekana — Unhealthy SH
RespectHeshimaRespect
Values your opinions, listens, never mocks you publiclyAnathamini maoni yako, anasikia, hakumdhihaki hadharaniAnathamini maoni yako, anasikia, hakumdhihaki
Dismisses your feelings, mocks you in front of others, ignores what you sayAnapuuza hisia zako, anakudhihaki mbele ya wengine, anapuuza unachosemaAnapuuza feelings zako, anakudhihaki mbele ya wengine, anapuuza unachosema
TrustUaminifuTrust
Believes you, no constant checking of phone or locationAnakuamini, hakuangalia simu au mahali ulipo kila wakatiAnakuamini, hakuangalia simu au location kila wakati
Reads your messages without permission, demands to know your location always, accuses you constantlyAnasoma ujumbe wako bila ruhusa, anadai kujua mahali ulipo kila wakati, anakushutumu kila wakatiAnasoma messages zako bila permission, anadai location yako kila wakati, anakushutumu kila wakati
CommunicationMawasilianoMawasiliano
Can discuss anything — even hard topics — without fearUnaweza kuzungumza chochote — hata mada ngumu — bila hofuUnaweza kuzungumza chochote — hata hard topics — bila hofu
Shuts down difficult conversations, yells, sulks, uses silence as punishmentHusimamisha mazungumzo magumu, hupigia kelele, hukasirika, hutumia ukimya kama adhabuHusimamisha hard conversations, hupigia kelele, hukasirika, hutumia silence kama adhabu
IndependenceUhuruUhuru
Encourages your friendships, goals, and interests outside the relationshipHuhimiza urafiki wako, malengo, na maslahi nje ya uhusianoHuhimiza friendships zako, malengo, na interests nje ya relationship
Isolates you from friends and family, jealous of time spent with others, monitors your social mediaHukutenga na marafiki na familia, ana wivu wa muda unaotumia na wengine, hufuatilia mitandao yakoHukutenga na friends na familia, ana wivu wa muda unaotumia na wengine, hufuatilia social media yako
SafetyUsalamaUsalama
You feel physically and emotionally safe — no walking on eggshellsUnahisi salama kimwili na kihisia — hakuna kuogopa kila wakatiUnahisi safe kimwili na kihisia — hakuna kuogopa kila wakati
You feel afraid to disagree, afraid of their reaction, or have experienced physical aggressionUnaogopa kukinzana, unaogopa mwitikio wao, au umepitia jeuri ya kimwiliUnaogopa kukinzana, unaogopa reaction yao, au umepitia physical aggression
Street Talk
Upendo wa kweli haupigi, hakudhibiti, haukutenga, na haukufanya ujisikie mdogo. Ukihisi hofu na mtu unayemwita 'mpenzi wako' — hiyo si upendo. Hiyo ni hatari. Mpenzi wa kweli anakufanya ujisikie mkubwa zaidi, si mdogo.Upendo wa kweli haupigi, hakudhibiti, haukutenga. Ukihisi hofu — hiyo si upendo, ni hatari.Upendo wa kweli haupigi, hakudhibiti, haukutenga, na haukufanya ujisikie mdogo. Ukihisi hofu na mtu unayemwita 'mpenzi wako' — hiyo si love. Hiyo ni danger. Real love inakufanya ujisikie bigger, si smaller.
🚩 Red Flags & Love Bombing — Spot Them EarlyBendera Nyekundu na Love Bombing — Zitambue MapemaRed Flags na Love Bombing — Zitambue Mapema
Unhealthy relationships rarely start badly. They escalate gradually. Recognising red flags early — before emotional investment is deep — is your greatest protection.Mahusiano mabaya mara chache huanza vibaya. Huongezeka polepole. Kutambua bendera nyekundu mapema — kabla uwekezaji wa kihisia haujawa mkubwa — ni ulinzi wako mkubwa zaidi.Unhealthy relationships rarely zinaanza vibaya. Zinaescalate polepole. Kutambua red flags mapema — kabla emotional investment haijakuwa deep — ni greatest protection yako.
🔑 Love Bombing🔑 Love Bombing🔑 Love BombingA manipulation tactic where a person overwhelms you with excessive attention, gifts, constant messages, and dramatic declarations of love very early in a relationship. It feels amazing — but the goal is to create emotional debt and dependency so that control can be established later. Real love develops over time, not in days.Mbinu ya udanganyifu ambapo mtu anakuzidiasha na umakini kupita kiasi, zawadi, ujumbe wa mara kwa mara, na matamko ya upendo ya kushangaza mapema sana katika uhusiano. Inahisi vizuri sana — lakini lengo ni kuunda deni la kihisia na utegemezi ili udhibiti uweze kuanzishwa baadaye. Upendo wa kweli hukua polepole, si kwa siku.Manipulation tactic ambapo mtu anakuzidishia na excessive attention, zawadi, constant messages, na dramatic love declarations mapema sana kwa relationship. Inahisi amazing — lakini goal ni kuunda emotional debt na dependency ili control iweze kuanzishwa baadaye. Real love hukua polepole, si kwa siku.
Red Flag ENBendera Nyekundu SWBendera Nyekundu SH
What They Say / Do ENWanachosema / Kufanya SWWanachosema / Kufanya SH
What It Really Means ENMaana Yake ya Kweli SWMaana Yake ya Kweli SH
Extreme jealousyWivu mkubwaWivu mkubwa
'I'm jealous because I love you so much''Nina wivu kwa sababu nakupenda sana''Nina wivu kwa sababu nakupenda sana'
Jealousy is about control and insecurity — not loveWivu ni kuhusu udhibiti na kutokuwa na uhakika — si upendoWivu ni kuhusu control na insecurity — si upendo
IsolationKutengwaIsolation
'Your friends don't really care about you like I do''Marafiki wako hawakujali kweli kama ninavyofanya''Friends wako hawakujali kweli kama ninavyofanya'
Removing your support network makes you easier to control and harder to leaveKuondoa mtandao wako wa msaada kunakufanya rahisi kudhibitiwa na kuwa mgumu kuondokaKuondoa support network yako inakufanya rahisi kudhibitiwa na hard kuacha
'I just need to know you're safe / faithful''Ninahitaji tu kujua uko salama / mwaminifu''Ninahitaji tu kujua uko salama / faithful'
This is surveillance, not care — trust means not needing to check constantlyHii ni ufuatiliaji, si kujali — uaminifu unamaanisha kutohitaji kuangalia kila wakatiHii ni surveillance, si care — trust inamaanisha kutohitaji kuangalia kila wakati
Threats when you try to set limitsVitisho unapojaribu kuweka mipakaVitisho unapojaribu kuweka boundaries
'I'll hurt myself / you / your family if you leave''Nitajidhuru / kukudhuru / familia yako ukienda''Nitajidhuru / kukudhuru / familia yako ukienda'
This is coercion and emotional abuse — a serious red flag requiring immediate helpHii ni kulazimisha na unyanyasaji wa kihisia — bendera nyekundu kubwa inayohitaji msaada wa harakaHii ni coercion na emotional abuse — serious red flag inayohitaji immediate help
Physical violence 'once'Jeuri ya kimwili 'mara moja'Physical violence 'mara moja'
'It won't happen again — I was just angry''Haitatokea tena — nilikuwa na hasira tu''Haitatokea tena — nilikuwa na hasira tu'
Violence almost always escalates. Once is not an accident — it is a pattern beginningJeuri karibu daima huongezeka. Mara moja si bahati mbaya — ni mwanzo wa muundoViolence almost always inaescalate. Mara moja si accident — ni mwanzo wa pattern
⚠️ If you recognise these signs⚠️ Ukitambua ishara hizi⚠️ Ukitambua signs hizi You are not overreacting. Your feelings are valid. You deserve better. Talk to a trusted adult, school counsellor, or call Childline 116. You do not have to manage this alone. Hukujibu kupita kiasi. Hisia zako ni sahihi. Unastahili bora zaidi. Zungumza na mtu mzima anayeaminiwa, mshauri wa shule, au piga simu Childline 116. Huhitaji kushughulikia hili peke yako. Hukujibu kupita kiasi. Feelings zako ni valid. Unastahili bora zaidi. Zungumza na trusted adult, school counsellor, au call Childline 116. Huhitaji kushughulikia hili peke yako.
🛑 Consent — The FRIES ModelRidhaa — Mfano wa FRIESConsent — FRIES Model
Consent is not complicated — it is the foundation of all healthy relationships. Every person — regardless of age, gender, or relationship status — has the absolute right to consent.Ridhaa si ngumu — ni msingi wa mahusiano yote ya afya. Kila mtu — bila kujali umri, jinsia, au hali ya uhusiano — ana haki kamili ya ridhaa.Consent si ngumu — ni foundation ya mahusiano yote ya afya. Kila mtu — bila kujali umri, jinsia, au relationship status — ana absolute haki ya consent.
Letter ENHerufi SWHerufi SH
What It Means ENMaana Yake SWMaana Yake SH
What Violates It ENKinachokivunja SWKinachokivunja SH
F — Freely givenF — Kwa hiariF — Freely given
Given without any pressure, fear, manipulation, or expectationImetolewa bila shinikizo lolote, hofu, udanganyifu, au matarajioImetolewa bila pressure yoyote, hofu, manipulation, au matarajio
'You would if you loved me' / gifts with expectations / threatening consequences'Ungekubali ukipenda' / zawadi zenye matarajio / kutisha matokeo'Ungekubali ukipenda' / zawadi na expectations / kutisha consequences
R — ReversibleR — Inayoweza kuachwaR — Reversible
Anyone can change their mind at any time — even mid-activity — no explanation neededMtu yeyote anaweza kubadilisha mawazo yake wakati wowote — hata wakati wa shughuli — bila maelezoMtu yeyote anaweza kubadilisha mawazo wakati wowote — hata mid-activity — bila maelezo
'But you agreed earlier' / continuing after someone says stop / guilt-tripping for changing mind'Lakini ulikubaliana awali' / kuendelea baada ya mtu kusema simama / kumhukumu kwa kubadilisha mawazo'Ulikubaliana awali' / kuendelea baada ya 'stop' / kumhukumu kwa kubadilisha mawazo
I — InformedI — Kwa ufahamuI — Informed
The person fully understands what they are agreeing toMtu anaelewa kikamilifu anachokubaliMtu anaelewa kikamilifu anachokubali
Lying about intentions / misleading about what will happen / using alcohol to cloud judgmentKudanganya kuhusu nia / kupotosha kuhusu kitatokea / kutumia pombe kupunguza ufahamuKudanganya kuhusu intentions / kupotosha kuhusu kitatokea / kutumia alcohol kupunguza judgment
E — EnthusiasticE — Kwa moyo woteE — Enthusiastic
A genuine, clear yes — not reluctant, hesitant, or under pressureNdiyo ya kweli, wazi — si ya kusita, ya kusita, au chini ya shinikizoGenuine, clear yes — si reluctant, hesitant, au under pressure
Silence / 'I guess so' / not saying no because you feel you can'tUkimya / 'nadhani' / kutosema hapana kwa sababu unahisi huweziSilence / 'I guess so' / kutosema no kwa sababu unahisi huwezi
S — SpecificS — MaalumS — Specific
Yes to this situation — not a blanket yes to anything and everythingNdiyo kwa hali hii — si ndiyo ya jumla kwa chochote na kila kituYes kwa situation hii — si blanket yes kwa chochote na kila kitu
'You said yes last time so it means yes always' / assuming agreement in relationships'Ulikubaliana mara ya mwisho kwa hivyo inamaanisha ndiyo kila wakati' / kuchukua kukubaliana kwa uhusiano'Ulikubaliana mara ya mwisho kwa hivyo ni ndiyo kila wakati' / kuchukua agreement kwa relationship
Silence does NOT equal consent — only a clear yes means yesUkimya HAUKUBALIANI na ridhaa — ndiyo wazi tu inamaanisha ndiyoUkimya HAUKUBALIANI na consent — yes wazi tu inamaanisha yes
Being in a relationship does NOT mean automatic consent to anythingKuwa katika uhusiano HAUKUMAANISHI ridhaa ya otomatiki kwa chochoteKuwa kwa relationship HAUKUMAANISHI automatic consent kwa chochote
Past consent does NOT apply to future situations — every time is newRidhaa ya zamani HAITUMIKI kwa hali za baadaye — kila wakati ni mpyaPast consent HAITUMIKI kwa future situations — kila wakati ni mpya
Intoxication prevents valid consent — alcohol or drugs impair the ability to consentKulewa kunazuia ridhaa halali — pombe au dawa zinadhuru uwezo wa kutoa ridhaaIntoxication inazuia valid consent — alcohol au drugs inadhuru uwezo wa consent
Under 18 in Kenya: cannot legally consent to sexual activity — the law protects youChini ya 18 Kenya: hawezi kisheria kukubaliana na shughuli za ngono — sheria inakuLINDAUnder 18 Kenya: hawezi kisheria consent kwa sexual activity — sheria inakuprotect
📱 Online Relationships & Grooming — Stay SafeMahusiano ya Mtandaoni na Utayarishaji — JiepusheOnline Relationships na Grooming — Jiepushe
Online friendships can be genuine and positive — but they carry specific risks that offline relationships do not. Knowing these protects you.Urafiki wa mtandaoni unaweza kuwa wa kweli na wa faida — lakini una hatari maalum ambazo mahusiano ya ana kwa ana hayana. Kujua hizi kunakuLINDA.Online friendships zinaweza kuwa genuine na positive — lakini zina specific risks ambazo offline relationships hazina. Kujua hizi kunakuprotect.
🔑 Online Grooming🔑 Utayarishaji wa Mtandaoni🔑 Online GroomingWhen an adult builds a false friendship with a young person online — through flattery, gifts, special attention, and gradually pushing physical or digital boundaries — in order to exploit them sexually or financially. Groomers are skilled at seeming like the perfect friend who 'understands you better than anyone.'Mtu mzima anapojenga urafiki wa uongo na kijana mtandaoni — kupitia sifa, zawadi, umakini maalum, na kupanua mipaka ya kimwili au ya kidijitali polepole — ili kumdhulumu kingono au kiuchumi. Watayarishaji wana ujuzi wa kuonekana kama rafiki mkamilifu anayekuelewa.Mtu mzima anapojenga false friendship na kijana mtandaoni — kupitia flattery, zawadi, special attention, na gradually kupanua physical au digital boundaries — ili kumexploit kingono au financially. Groomers wana skills za kuonekana kama perfect friend anayekuelewa.
Grooming Warning Sign ENIshara ya Onyo ya Utayarishaji SWGrooming Warning Sign SH
What It Looks Like ENInavyoonekana SWInavyoonekana SH
What To Do ENLa Kufanya SWLa Kufanya SH
Excessive gifts or moneyZawadi kupita kiasi au pesaZawadi kupita kiasi au pesa
Sending airtime, data bundles, gifts with no clear reasonKutuma muda wa simu, data, zawadi bila sababu waziKutuma airtime, data bundles, zawadi bila sababu wazi
Ask: why is an adult giving me things? Tell a trusted adultUliza: kwa nini mtu mzima ananipa vitu? Mwambie mtu mzima anayeaminiwaUliza: kwa nini adult ananipa vitu? Ambia trusted adult
Secrecy pressureShinikizo la siriShinikizo la siri
'Don't tell your parents about us' / 'This is just between you and me''Usimwambie mzazi wako kuhusu sisi' / 'Hii ni kati yetu tu''Usimwambie parent wako' / 'Hii ni kati yetu tu'
Real friends never need to be kept secret. Block and report immediatelyMarafiki wa kweli hawahitaji kuwa siri. Zuia na ripoti mara mojaReal friends hawahitaji kuwa siri. Block na report mara moja
Requests for private photosMaombi ya picha za siriMaombi ya private photos
'Just send me one photo — I won't show anyone''Nitumie picha moja tu — sitaonyesha mtu''Nitumie photo moja tu — sitaonyesha mtu'
NEVER share private photos. Once sent, you lose all control. Report to trusted adultKAMWE usishiriki picha za siri. Zikitumwa, unapoteza udhibiti wote. Ripoti kwa mtu anayeaminiwaKAMWE usishiriki private photos. Zikitumwa, unapoteza control yote. Report kwa trusted adult
Pushing to meet offline aloneKushinikiza kukutana ana kwa ana peke yakoKushinikiza kukutana offline peke yako
'Let's meet this weekend — but just the two of us, don't tell anyone''Tukutane wikendi hii — lakini sisi wawili tu, usimwambie mtu''Tukutane weekend hii — sisi wawili tu, usimwambie mtu'
Never meet an online contact alone. Tell a trusted adult before any meetingKamwe usikaribiane na mawasiliano ya mtandaoni peke yako. Mwambie mtu mzima kabla ya mkutano wowoteKamwe usikaribiane na online contact peke yako. Ambia trusted adult kabla ya meeting yoyote
Identity mismatchTofauti ya utambulishoIdentity mismatch
Profile photo looks like a teen but conversations feel like an adult; inconsistent detailsPicha ya wasifu inaonekana kama kijana lakini mazungumzo yanahisi kama mtu mzimaProfile photo inaonekana kama teen lakini conversations zinahisi kama adult; inconsistent details
Video call to verify. If they refuse — block and tell a trusted adultPiga simu ya video kuthibitisha. Wakikataa — zuia na mwambie mtu mzima anayeaminiwaVideo call kuthibitisha. Wakikataa — block na ambia trusted adult
🇰🇪 Omondi's Close Call — KisumuKuitwa Hatarini kwa Omondi — KisumuOmondi's Close Call — KisumuOmondi, 16, Kisumu, had been chatting for 3 months with someone claiming to be a 16-year-old girl from Nairobi. She sent airtime, said he was 'the only one who truly understood her,' and asked for a selfie 'just for her.' Then she asked to meet alone that weekend. Omondi told his older brother, who did a reverse image search on the profile photo — it belonged to a stolen identity. The account was actually operated by a 38-year-old man. Omondi's decision to tell someone saved him from serious harm.Omondi, miaka 16, Kisumu, alikuwa akizungumza kwa miezi 3 na mtu aliyedai kuwa msichana wa miaka 16 kutoka Nairobi. Alimtumia muda wa simu, alisema yeye ni 'pekee anayemuelewa kweli kweli,' na akaomba selfie 'kwa yeye tu.' Kisha akaomba kukutana peke yake wikendi hiyo. Omondi alimwambia kaka yake mkubwa, ambaye alifanya utafutaji wa picha — ilihusu utambulisho ulioibiwa. Akaunti iliendeshwa na mwanaume wa miaka 38. Uamuzi wa Omondi wa kumwambia mtu ulimuokoa kutoka madhara makubwa.Omondi, miaka 16, Kisumu, alikuwa akizungumza kwa miezi 3 na mtu aliyedai kuwa msichana wa miaka 16 kutoka Nairobi. Alimtumia airtime, alisema yeye ni 'pekee anayemuelewa kweli kweli,' na akaomba selfie 'kwa yeye tu.' Kisha akaomba kukutana peke yake weekend hiyo. Omondi alimwambia older brother wake, ambaye alifanya reverse image search — ilikuwa stolen identity. Account iliendeshwa na mwanaume wa miaka 38. Decision ya Omondi ya kumwambia mtu ilimuokoa kutoka serious harm.
🎬 Module VideoVideo ya ModuliModule Video
Watch carefully, then continue to the scenarios.Tazama kwa makini, kisha endelea.Watch kwa makini, kisha endelea.
🎬
Module Video
Your teacher will upload this video.Mwalimu wako ataipakia.Teacher wako ataupload.
📁 /uploads/media/healthy-relationships.mp4
🎭 Real Talk — What Would You Do?Mazungumzo ya KweliReal Talk — Ungefanya Nini?
Pick your choice and see the consequence.Chagua na uone matokeo.Chagua yako uone consequence.
Amina, 15, Mombasa, has been with her boyfriend Brian for 4 months. He now checks her phone every evening, tells her which friends she can and cannot see, gets furious if she talks to any boy, and last week grabbed her arm hard enough to leave a bruise. He said 'I'm only like this because I love you so much — if you loved me back you wouldn't make me this way.'Amina, miaka 15, Mombasa, amekuwa na mchumba wake Brian kwa miezi 4. Sasa anaangalia simu yake kila jioni, anamwambia marafiki gani anaweza na asiweze kuona, anakasirika sana akizungumza na mvulana yeyote, na wiki iliyopita alimkamata mkono wake kwa nguvu kiasi cha kuacha michubuko. Alisema 'Niko hivi kwa sababu nakupenda sana — kama ungenipenda, husingekufanya hivi.'Amina, miaka 15, Mombasa, amekuwa na boyfriend wake Brian kwa miezi 4. Sasa anaangalia simu yake kila jioni, anamwambia friends gani anaweza au hawezi kuona, anakasirika sana akizungumza na mvulana yeyote, na wiki iliyopita alimkamata mkono wake kwa nguvu kiasi cha kuacha bruise. Alisema 'Niko hivi kwa sababu nakupenda sana — kama ungenipenda, husingekufanya hivi.'
What should Amina understand about this relationship?Amina aelewe nini kuhusu uhusiano huu?Amina aelewe nini kuhusu relationship hii?
'I'm only like this because I love you' is one of the most common statements abusers use — it shifts blame to the victim and reframes control as love. Phone monitoring is surveillance. Controlling friendships is isolation. Physical aggression that leaves marks is assault. None of these are love. Amina is in an abusive relationship that will escalate without intervention.'Niko hivi kwa sababu nakupenda' ni mojawapo ya kauli za kawaida zaidi wanaotumia wanyanyasaji — huhamisha lawama kwa mwathiriwa na kubadilisha udhibiti kuwa upendo. Kuangalia simu ni ufuatiliaji. Kudhibiti urafiki ni kutengwa. Jeuri ya kimwili inayoacha alama ni shambulio. Hakuna ya hizi ni upendo. Amina yuko katika uhusiano wa unyanyasaji utakaozidi bila uingiliaji.'Niko hivi kwa sababu nakupenda' ni mojawapo ya most common statements wanaotumia abusers — huhamisha blame kwa victim na kuframe control kama love. Phone monitoring ni surveillance. Kudhibiti friendships ni isolation. Physical aggression inayoacha marks ni assault. Hakuna ya hizi ni love. Amina yuko kwa abusive relationship itakayoescalate bila intervention.
Amina confided in her school counsellor after her friend noticed the bruise and encouraged her to speak up. The counsellor helped her name what was happening: controlling behaviour, isolation, physical assault. With safety planning support, Amina ended the relationship — in a public place, with her cousin present. Brian was counselled by the school. Amina said: 'I thought if I just tried harder he would change. The counsellor made me see I was trying to fix something that was never okay.' ✅Amina alimwambia mshauri wake wa shule baada ya rafiki yake kuona michubuko na kumhimiza kuzungumza. Mshauri alimsaidia kutaja kilichokuwa kikitokea: tabia ya udhibiti, kutengwa, shambulio la kimwili. Kwa msaada wa kupanga usalama, Amina alimaliza uhusiano — mahali pa umma, binamu yake akiwepo. Brian alishauriwa na shule. Amina alisema: 'Nilidhani nikijaribu zaidi angebadilika. Mshauri alinifanya nione nilikuwa nikijaribu kurekebisha kitu ambacho hakikuwa sawa kamwe.' ✅Amina alimwambia school counsellor wake baada ya friend yake kuona bruise na kumhimize kuzungumza. Counsellor alimsaidia kutaja kilichokuwa kikitokea: controlling behaviour, isolation, physical assault. Na safety planning support, Amina alimaliza relationship — mahali pa umma, cousin yake akiwepo. Brian alicounselliwa na shule. Amina alisema: 'Nilidhani nikijaribu harder angebadilika. Counsellor alinifanya nione nilikuwa nikijaribu kufix kitu ambacho hakikuwa sawa kamwe.' ✅
Zawadi, 17, Kisumu, has a close male friend she has known for two years. He got into a university in Nairobi and she is staying in Kisumu. Her new boyfriend insists she block her male friend 'because real relationships mean no opposite-sex friendships.' He checks her phone to see if she has complied and sulks for days if she resists.Zawadi, miaka 17, Kisumu, ana rafiki wa kiume wa karibu ambaye amemjua kwa miaka miwili. Rafiki wake alingia chuo kikuu Nairobi na yeye anabaki Kisumu. Mchumba wake mpya anasisitiza amzuie rafiki wake wa kiume 'kwa sababu mahusiano ya kweli yanamaanisha hakuna urafiki wa jinsia tofauti.' Anaangalia simu yake kuona kama amefuata na huchefuka kwa siku akikinzana.Zawadi, miaka 17, Kisumu, ana close male friend ambaye amemjua kwa miaka miwili. Friend wake alingia chuo kikuu Nairobi na yeye anabaki Kisumu. Boyfriend wake mpya anasisitiza amblock male friend wake 'kwa sababu real relationships zinamaanisha hakuna opposite-sex friendships.' Anaangalia simu yake kuona kama amefuata na husulk kwa siku akikinzana.
What should Zawadi recognise about her boyfriend's behaviour?Zawadi atambue nini kuhusu tabia ya mchumba wake?Zawadi atambue nini kuhusu behaviour ya boyfriend wake?
'No opposite-sex friendships' is not a sign of love — it is a control strategy. A secure partner trusts you with your existing friendships. Demanding friendship cuts is isolation. Checking her phone for compliance is surveillance. Sulking to punish resistance is emotional manipulation. These are three red flags appearing together in a new relationship — a serious warning pattern.'Hakuna urafiki wa jinsia tofauti' si ishara ya upendo — ni mkakati wa udhibiti. Mwenzi aliye na uhakika anakuamini na urafiki wako uliopo. Kudai kukata urafiki ni kutengwa. Kuangalia simu yake kwa utiifu ni ufuatiliaji. Kuchefuka kuadhibu upinzani ni udanganyifu wa kihisia. Hizi ni bendera tatu nyekundu zinazoonekana pamoja katika uhusiano mpya — muundo wa onyo mbaya.'Hakuna opposite-sex friendships' si sign ya love — ni control strategy. Secure partner anakuamini na existing friendships zako. Kudai friendship cuts ni isolation. Kuangalia simu yake kwa compliance ni surveillance. Kusulk kuadhibu resistance ni emotional manipulation. Hizi ni red flags tatu zinazoonekana pamoja kwa new relationship — serious warning pattern.
Zawadi talked to her older sister who helped her name each behaviour: isolation demand, surveillance, emotional punishment. She had a calm conversation with her boyfriend: 'I trust you and I expect that trust back. My existing friendships are not negotiable.' When he escalated, she ended the relationship. She says: 'A healthy relationship made me bigger. That one was making me smaller every week.' ✅Zawadi alizungumza na dada yake mkubwa ambaye alimsaidia kutaja kila tabia: kudai kutengwa, ufuatiliaji, adhabu ya kihisia. Alikuwa na mazungumzo ya utulivu na mchumba wake: 'Nakuamini na ninatarajia uaminifu huo kurudi. Urafiki wangu uliopo hauwezi kujadiliwa.' Alipoongezeka, alimaliza uhusiano. Anasema: 'Uhusiano wa afya ulinifanya mkubwa. Ule ulikuwa ukunifanya mdogo kila wiki.' ✅Zawadi alizungumza na older sister wake ambaye alimsaidia kutaja kila behaviour: isolation demand, surveillance, emotional punishment. Alikuwa na calm conversation na boyfriend wake: 'Nakuamini na ninatarajia trust hiyo kurudi. Existing friendships zangu si negotiable.' Alipoescalate, alimaliza relationship. Anasema: 'Healthy relationship ilinifanya bigger. Ile ilikuwa ikunifanya smaller kila wiki.' ✅
🚪 Leaving Safely & Building Positive RelationshipsKutoka kwa Usalama na Kujenga Mahusiano ChanyaKutoka Safely na Kujenga Positive Relationships
Leaving an unhealthy relationship is often the most dangerous time. Planning makes it safer. And building better relationships starts with knowing what you deserve.Kuondoka katika uhusiano mbaya mara nyingi ni wakati hatari zaidi. Kupanga kunaufanya kuwa salama zaidi. Na kujenga mahusiano bora kunaanza na kujua unachostahili.Kuondoka kwa unhealthy relationship mara nyingi ni wakati hatari zaidi. Planning kunaifanya iwe safer. Na kujenga better relationships kunaanza na kujua unachostahili.
Step ENHatua SWHatua SH
What To Do ENLa Kufanya SWLa Kufanya SH
Why It Matters ENKwa Nini Ni Muhimu SWKwa Nini Ni Muhimu SH
1. Tell a trusted adult first1. Mwambie mtu mzima anayeaminiwa kwanza1. Ambia trusted adult kwanza
Counsellor, parent, teacher — before you end itMshauri, mzazi, mwalimu — kabla ya kumalizaCounsellor, mzazi, mwalimu — kabla ya kumaliza
Safety support and plan in place; adults can help if there is retaliationMsaada wa usalama na mpango upo; watu wazima wanaweza kusaidia kukirepresaliaSafety support na plan upo; adults wanaweza kusaidia ukiwa na retaliation
2. Do it in a public place2. Fanya hadharani2. Fanya mahali pa umma
Or with a trusted friend present as a witnessAu rafiki anayeaminiwa akiwepo kama shahidiAu trusted friend akiwepo kama witness
Reduces risk of physical aggression in the momentHupunguza hatari ya jeuri ya kimwili wakati huoHupunguza risk ya physical aggression wakati huo
3. Be clear and brief3. Kuwa wazi na mfupi3. Kuwa wazi na mfupi
'This relationship is over' — no long explanations that invite debate'Uhusiano huu umeisha' — bila maelezo marefu yanayokaribisha mjadala'Relationship hii imeisha' — bila maelezo marefu yanayoinvite mjadala
Long explanations give abusers room to argue, manipulate, or guilt-tripMaelezo marefu humpa mnyanyasaji nafasi ya kubishana, kudanganya, au kumhukumuMaelezo marefu humpa abuser nafasi ya kubishana, manipulate, au guilt-trip
4. Limit contact after4. Punguza mawasiliano baadaye4. Punguza contact baadaye
Block on all platforms if safe to do soZuia kwenye majukwaa yote ikisalama kufanya hivyoBlock kwa platforms zote ikisalama kufanya hivyo
Continued contact gives them opportunity to re-establish controlMawasiliano yanayoendelea humpa fursa ya kuanzisha upya udhibitiContinued contact humpa fursa ya kuanzisha upya control
5. If threatened — get help immediately5. Ukitishiwa — pata msaada mara moja5. Ukitishiwa — pata help mara moja
Threats after a breakup are taken seriously by police — you have legal protectionVitisho baada ya kuvunjika kwa uhusiano vinachukuliwa kwa uzito na polisi — una ulinzi wa kisheriaVitisho baada ya breakup vinachukuliwa seriously na polisi — una legal protection
Support Resource ENRasilimali SWRasilimali SH
Contact ENMawasiliano SWMawasiliano SH
For ENKwa SWKwa SH
Childline KenyaChildline KenyaChildline Kenya
116116116
Under 18s in any crisis — free, 24/7Chini ya 18 katika dharura yoyote — bure, 24/7Under 18s kwa crisis yoyote — free, 24/7
GBV Hotline KenyaGBV Hotline KenyaGBV Hotline Kenya
School CounsellorMshauri wa ShuleSchool Counsellor
Your schoolShuleni kwakoShuleni kwako
Relationship concerns, abuse, mental health — free & confidentialWasiwasi wa uhusiano, unyanyasaji, afya ya akili — bure na ya siriRelationship concerns, abuse, mental health — free na confidential
Immediate physical dangerHatari ya kimwili ya harakaImmediate physical danger
You do NOT owe anyone a relationship because they 'invested time' or 'love you so much'HUWASTAHILI mtu yeyote uhusiano kwa sababu 'alitumia muda' au 'anakupenda sana'HUWASTAHILI mtu yeyote relationship kwa sababu 'alitumia muda' au 'anakupenda sana'
You are complete as you are. A relationship should add to your life — not define itWewe ni kamili kama ulivyo. Uhusiano unapaswa kuongeza maishani mwako — si kuufafanuaWewe ni complete kama ulivyo. Relationship inapaswa kuongeza maishani mwako — si kuudefine
Supporting a friend who is leaving: listen, do not judge, do not pressure — it is their choice and their timelineKumsaidia rafiki anayeondoka: sikiliza, usihukumu, usishinikize — ni chaguo lake na muda wakeKumsaidia friend anayeondoka: sikiliza, usihukumu, usipressure — ni choice yake na timeline yake
Street Talk
Kukaa katika uhusiano mbaya si nguvu — ni watu wengi wanaofanya hivyo. Kuondoka, hasa ukiwa na hofu, ndilo jambo la ujasiri zaidi. Huhitaji sababu nzuri ya kutosha. Kuhisi vibaya, kutokuwa na furaha, au kuwa na hofu — hizo ni sababu za kutosha.Kuondoka katika uhusiano mbaya ni jambo la ujasiri zaidi. Huhitaji sababu nzuri. Kuhisi vibaya au kuwa na hofu ni sababu za kutosha.Kukaa kwa unhealthy relationship si nguvu — ni watu wengi wanaofanya hivyo kwa sababu ya hofu. Kuondoka, hasa ukiwa na hofu, ndilo most courageous thing. Huhitaji sababu nzuri ya kutosha. Kuhisi vibaya, kutokuwa na furaha, au kuwa na hofu — hizo ni sababu za kutosha.
✍️ Reflection — What Do You Deserve?Tafakari — Unastahili Nini?Reflection — Unastahili Nini?
1. Think of the healthiest relationship in your life right now — friendship or family. List THREE specific things that make it healthy. What can you do to nurture it?1. Fikiria uhusiano bora wa afya maishani mwako sasa hivi — urafiki au familia. Orodhesha MAMBO MATATU MAALUM yanayoufa kuwa wa afya. Unaweza kufanya nini kuulea?1. Fikiria healthiest relationship kwa maisha yako sasa hivi — urafiki au familia. Orodhesha MAMBO MATATU MAALUM yanayoufa kuwa healthy. Unaweza kufanya nini kuunurture?
2. Write the exact words you would say to a friend who is defending a partner who hits them 'but really loves them.' Use three specific facts from this lesson.2. Andika maneno halisi unayomwambia rafiki anayeamini mwenzi anayewapiga 'lakini anawapenda kweli kweli.' Tumia ukweli tatu maalum kutoka somo hili.2. Andika exact words unazomwambia friend anayedefend partner anayewapiga 'lakini anawapenda kweli kweli.' Tumia specific facts tatu kutoka lesson hii.
3. Rate yourself 1–5 on each FRIES letter: how well do you understand and apply consent in your own relationships and interactions? Where do you need to grow?3. Jipime 1–5 kwa kila herufi ya FRIES: unaelewaje na kutumia ridhaa katika mahusiano na mwingiliano wako mwenyewe? Unahitaji kukua wapi?3. Rate yourself 1–5 kwa kila FRIES letter: unaelewaje na kutumia consent kwa relationships na interactions zako mwenyewe? Unahitaji kukua wapi?
✍️ My Reflection (private)✍️ Tafakari Yangu (ya siri)✍️ Mawazo Yangu (siri)
Complete all parts. 15/25 (60%) to earn your certificate.Kamilisha sehemu zote. 15/25 kupata cheti.Fanya sehemu zote. 15/25 kupata certificate.
Part A: MCQ — 10 marksSehemu A: MCQPart A: MCQ
1. A healthy relationship is BEST characterised by:1. Uhusiano wenye afya unababainishwa VYEMA na:1. Healthy relationship inababainishwa VYEMA na:
AOne partner making all major decisionsMwenzi mmoja kufanya maamuzi yote makubwaMwenzi mmoja kufanya maamuzi yote makubwa
BMutual respect, trust, open communication, safety, and both people feeling equally valuedHeshima ya pamoja, uaminifu, mawasiliano ya wazi, usalama, na watu wote wawili kujisikia kuthaminiwa sawasawaMutual respect, trust, open communication, usalama, na watu wote wawili kujisikia valued sawasawa
CBeing together every moment to show loveKuwa pamoja kila wakati kuonyesha upendoKuwa pamoja kila wakati kuonyesha upendo
DAgreeing on everything alwaysKukubaliana na kila kitu kila wakatiKukubaliana na kila kitu kila wakati
2. Which is the MOST serious warning sign of an abusive relationship?2. Ipi ni ISHARA YA ONYO MBAYA ZAIDI ya uhusiano wa unyanyasaji?2. Ipi ni MOST SERIOUS warning sign ya abusive relationship?
AHaving separate hobbies from your partnerKuwa na burudani tofauti na mwenzi wakoKuwa na hobbies tofauti na partner wako
BYour partner hitting you even once, isolating you from family and friends, or threatening youMwenzi wako kukupiga hata mara moja, kukutenga na familia na marafiki, au kukutishiaMwenzi wako kukupiga hata mara moja, kukutenga na familia na marafiki, au kukutishia
CDisagreeing about what to eat or watchKutokubaliana kuhusu chakula au kutazamaKutokubaliana kuhusu chakula au kutazama
DSpending time with other friendsKutumia muda na marafiki wengineKutumia muda na marafiki wengine
3. Consent in a relationship means agreement that is:3. Ridhaa katika uhusiano inamaanisha kukubaliana kuwa:3. Consent kwa relationship inamaanisha kukubaliana kuwa:
AGiven because you felt pressuredIlitolewa kwa sababu ulishinikizwaIlitolewa kwa sababu ulishinikizwa
BFreely given, reversible (can be withdrawn anytime), informed, enthusiastic, and specific to each situationKwa hiari, inayoweza kuachwa (inaweza kuachwa wakati wowote), kwa ufahamu, kwa moyo wote, na maalum kwa kila haliFreely given, reversible (inaweza kuachwa wakati wowote), informed, enthusiastic, na specific kwa kila situation
CPermanent once given — cannot be changed laterYa kudumu ikitolewa — haiwezi kubadilishwa baadayePermanent ikitolewa — haiwezi kubadilishwa baadaye
DAssumed when two people are in a relationshipInachukuliwa watu wawili wako katika uhusianoInachukuliwa watu wawili wako kwa relationship
4. 'Love bombing' is a manipulation tactic where:4. 'Love bombing' ni mbinu ya udanganyifu ambapo:4. 'Love bombing' ni manipulation tactic ambapo:
APartners send each other flowers on Valentine's DayWashirika wanaotumana maua Valentine's DayWashirika wanaotumana maua Valentine's Day
BSomeone overwhelms you with excessive attention, gifts, and declarations of love very early — to create dependency and gain control before gradually becoming controllingMtu anakuzidiasha na umakini kupita kiasi, zawadi, na matamko ya upendo mapema sana — kuunda utegemezi na kupata udhibiti kabla ya kuwa wa kudhibiti polepoleMtu anakuzidishia na excessive attention, zawadi, na declarations za upendo mapema sana — kuunda dependency na kupata control kabla ya kuwa controlling polepole
CBeing very romantic after a long relationshipKuwa wa kimapenzi sana baada ya uhusiano mrefuKuwa very romantic baada ya long relationship
DCelebrating your partner's achievementKusherehekea mafanikio ya mwenzi wakoKusherehekea mafanikio ya partner wako
5. Healthy interdependence in a relationship means:5. Utegemezano wa afya katika uhusiano unamaanisha:5. Healthy interdependence kwa relationship inamaanisha:
AOne person depending completely on the other for their happiness and identityMtu mmoja kutegemea mwingine kabisa kwa furaha na utambulisho wakeMtu mmoja kutegemea mwingine kabisa kwa furaha na identity yake
BBoth people maintain their individual identities, friendships, and goals while building a genuine shared connectionWatu wote wawili hudumisha utambulisho wao wa kibinafsi, urafiki, na malengo huku wakijenga uhusiano wa pamoja wa kweliWatu wote wawili hudumisha individual identities, friendships, na goals huku wakijenga genuine shared connection
CComplete independence with no emotional intimacy or connectionUhuru kamili bila urafiki wa kihisia au uhusianoComplete independence bila emotional intimacy au connection
DAlways being in the same place at the same timeKuwa mahali pamoja wakati uleuleKuwa mahali pamoja wakati uleule
BAn adult building trust with a young person online through gifts, special attention, and gradually pushing boundaries — in order to exploit themMtu mzima kujenga imani na kijana mtandaoni kupitia zawadi, umakini maalum, na kupanua mipaka polepole — ili kumdhulumuMtu mzima kujenga trust na kijana mtandaoni kupitia zawadi, special attention, na gradually kupanua boundaries — ili kumexploit
CA teenager chatting with friends of the same ageKijana kuzungumza na marafiki wa umri sawaKijana kuzungumza na friends wa umri sawa
DImproving social media skillsKuboresha ujuzi wa mitandao ya kijamiiKuboresha social media skills
7. The FRIES model of consent stands for:7. Mfano wa FRIES wa ridhaa unasimama kwa:7. FRIES model ya consent inasimama kwa:
8. If a friend tells you their partner hits them occasionally 'but really loves them,' you should:8. Rafiki akikuambia mwenzi wake anawapiga mara kwa mara 'lakini anawapenda kweli kweli,' unapaswa:8. Rafiki akikuambia partner wao anawapiga mara kwa mara 'lakini anawapenda kweli kweli,' unapaswa:
AAgree — love sometimes hurtsKubali — upendo wakati mwingine unadhuruKubali — love wakati mwingine inadhuru
BChallenge the false belief that love and violence are compatible, listen without judging, and encourage them to access supportPinga imani ya uongo kwamba upendo na ukatili vinaweza kuishi pamoja, sikiliza bila kuhukumu, na mhimize kupata msaadaPinga false belief kwamba love na violence vinaweza coexist, sikiliza bila kuhukumu, na mhimize kupata support
CTell them to try harder to make their partner happyWaambie wajaribu zaidi kumfurahisha mwenzi waoWaambie wajaribu harder kumfurahisha partner wao
DStay completely out of it — not your businessJiepushe kabisa — si kazi yakoJiepushe kabisa — si kazi yako
9. Setting a personal boundary in a relationship means:9. Kuweka mpaka wa kibinafsi katika uhusiano kunamaanisha:9. Kuweka personal boundary kwa relationship inamaanisha:
AEnding the relationship immediately if you disagreeKumaliza uhusiano mara moja ukikinzanaKumaliza relationship mara moja ukikinzana
BClearly communicating what you are and are not comfortable with — and expecting that to be respectedKueleza wazi unachokubali na usichokubali — na kutarajia heshima hiyoKueleza wazi unachokubali na usichokubali — na kutarajia heshima hiyo
CNever sharing your feelings to protect yourselfKamwe kutoshiriki hisia zako kukujilindaKamwe kutoshiriki feelings zako kukujilinda
DDoing whatever your partner wants to keep the peaceKufanya chochote mwenzi wako anataka kudumisha amaniKufanya chochote partner wako anataka kudumisha amani
10. Which statement about healthy romantic relationships is TRUE for Kenyan adolescents?10. Kauli gani kuhusu mahusiano ya kimapenzi yenye afya ni KWELI kwa vijana wa Kenya?10. Statement gani kuhusu healthy romantic relationships ni TRUE kwa Kenyan adolescents?
AHaving a romantic partner is necessary for social acceptance at schoolKuwa na mwenzi wa kimapenzi ni muhimu kwa ukubaliano wa kijamii shuleniKuwa na romantic partner ni necessary kwa social acceptance shuleni
BYou are complete as an individual — choosing a relationship should add to your life, not define your worth or fill an emptinessWewe ni kamili kama mtu binafsi — kuchagua uhusiano kunapaswa kuongeza maishani mwako, si kufafanua thamani yako au kujaza utupuWewe ni complete kama individual — kuchagua relationship inapaswa kuongeza maishani mwako, si kufafanua worth yako au kujaza utupu
CJealousy always means your partner truly loves youWivu daima inamaanisha mwenzi wako anakupenda kweliJealousy daima inamaanisha partner wako anakupenda kweli
DIt is normal for a partner to read your messages and control who you talk toNi kawaida kwa mwenzi kusoma ujumbe wako na kudhibiti unayezungumza nayeNi kawaida kwa partner kusoma messages zako na kudhibiti unayezungumza naye
Part B: Fill Blanks — 5 marksSehemu B: Jaza NafasiPart B: Fill Blanks
1. A relationship where both people maintain their individual identities while supporting each other is called ______. 1. Uhusiano ambapo watu wote wawili hudumisha utambulisho wao huku wakisaidiana huitwa ______. 1. Relationship ambapo watu wote wawili hudumisha identities zao huku wakisaidiana inaitwa ______.
2. Overwhelming someone with excessive gifts, attention, and affection early in a relationship to gain control is called love ______. 2. Kumzidiasha mtu kwa zawadi kupita kiasi, umakini, na upendo mapema katika uhusiano kupata udhibiti huitwa love ______. 2. Kumzidishia mtu na excessive gifts, attention, na affection mapema kwa relationship kupata control inaitwa love ______.
3. The FRIES model of consent stands for: Freely given, Reversible, Informed, Enthusiastic, and ______. 3. Mfano wa FRIES wa ridhaa unasimama kwa: Kwa hiari, Inayoweza kuachwa, Kwa ufahamu, Kwa moyo wote, na ______. 3. FRIES model ya consent inasimama kwa: Freely given, Reversible, Informed, Enthusiastic, na ______.
4. Clearly communicating what you accept or do not accept in a relationship is called setting a personal ______. 4. Kueleza wazi unachokubali au usichokubali katika uhusiano kunaitwa kuweka ______ wa kibinafsi. 4. Kueleza wazi unachokubali au usichokubali kwa relationship kunaitwa kuweka personal ______.
5. The free 24/7 Kenyan helpline for children and young people in crisis is Childline ______. 5. Mstari wa msaada wa bure wa Kenya 24/7 kwa watoto na vijana katika dharura ni Childline ______. 5. Free 24/7 Kenyan helpline kwa watoto na vijana in crisis ni Childline ______.
Part C: Short Answer — 10 marksSehemu C: Jibu FupiPart C: Short Answer
Compare THREE characteristics of healthy relationships with THREE warning signs of unhealthy ones. (3 marks) (3 marks marks)Linganisha SIFA TATU za mahusiano ya afya na ISHARA TATU ZA ONYO za mahusiano yasiyo ya afya. (alama 3)Compare SIFA TATU za healthy relationships na WARNING SIGNS TATU za unhealthy ones. (marks 3)
Explain what consent means using the FRIES model. Describe THREE situations where consent is NOT present. (4 marks) (4 marks marks)Eleza maana ya ridhaa ukitumia mfano wa FRIES. Eleza HALI TATU ambapo ridhaa HAIPO. (alama 4)Eleza maana ya consent ukitumia FRIES model. Describe HALI TATU ambapo consent HAIPO. (marks 4)
Describe FOUR steps you would take to safely support a friend who is in an abusive relationship. (3 marks) (3 marks marks)Eleza HATUA NNE unazochukua kumsaidia salama rafiki aliye katika uhusiano wa unyanyasaji. (alama 3)Describe HATUA NNE unazochukua kusaidia safely friend aliye kwa abusive relationship. (marks 3)