Recognising & Avoiding Drug Abuse

📋 By the end of this lesson:📋 Mwishoni mwa somo:📋 Lesson hii ikisha:

Define drug abuse and identify substances commonly misused among Kenyan youthFafanua matumizi mabaya ya dawa na tambua vitu vinavyotumiwa vibaya kawaida kati ya vijana wa KenyaDefine drug abuse na tambua substances zinazomisusiwa kawaida kwa Kenyan youth
Recognise the warning signs of drug abuse across behavioural, physical, school, emotional, and social dimensionsTambua ishara za onyo za matumizi mabaya ya dawa katika vipimo vya kitabia, kimwili, shule, kihisia, na kijamiiTambua warning signs za drug abuse kwa behavioural, physical, school, emotional, na social dimensions
Distinguish between risk factors and protective factors and explain how to strengthen your own defencesTofautisha kati ya vipengele vya hatari na vya kinga na eleza jinsi ya kuimarisha ulinzi wako mwenyeweTofautisha kati ya risk factors na protective factors na eleza jinsi ya kuimarisha defences zako mwenyewe
Apply the 4-step DARE refusal model using Kenya-specific language and scenariosTumia mfano wa kukataa wa hatua 4 wa DARE ukitumia lugha na hali maalum za KenyaTumia 4-step DARE refusal model ukitumia Kenya-specific language na scenarios
Describe how to support a friend showing warning signs and access Kenya's drug support resourcesEleza jinsi ya kumsaidia rafiki anayeonyesha ishara za onyo na kupata rasilimali za msaada wa dawa za KenyaEleza jinsi ya kumsaidia friend anayeonyesha warning signs na kupata Kenya's drug support resources

🔍 Big Question: If peer pressure is so powerful — what does that tell you about the importance of choosing WHO you spend time with?🔍 Swali Kubwa: Ikiwa shinikizo la rika ni nguvu sana — hii inakuambia nini kuhusu umuhimu wa kuchagua NANI unayetumia muda nao?🔍 Big Question: Ikiwa peer pressure ni powerful sana — hii inakuambia nini kuhusu umuhimu wa kuchagua NANI unayetumia muda nao?

🔍 What Is Drug Abuse? — Definitions & Kenya RealityMatumizi Mabaya ya Dawa ni Nini? — Ufafanuzi & Hali ya KenyaDrug Abuse ni Nini? — Definitions na Kenya Reality

Drug abuse is not limited to hard drugs. It includes any substance used in a way that causes harm — and it is far more common in Kenya than most people admit.Matumizi mabaya ya dawa hayahusu dawa ngumu tu. Yanajumuisha dutu yoyote inayotumiwa kwa njia inayosababisha madhara — na ni ya kawaida zaidi Kenya kuliko watu wengi wanavyokubali.Drug abuse haihusu hard drugs tu. Inajumuisha substance yoyote inayotumiwa kwa njia inayosababisha madhara — na ni common zaidi Kenya kuliko watu wengi wanavyokubali.

Type of Use ENAina ya Matumizi SWAina ya Matumizi SH	Description ENMaelezo SWMaelezo SH	Risk ENHatari SWHatari SH
ExperimentalYa KujaribuExperimental	First-time or occasional use driven by curiosity or peer pressureMatumizi ya kwanza au ya kawaida yanayoendeshwa na udadisi au shinikizo la rikaFirst-time au occasional use inayoendeshwa na curiosity au peer pressure	HIGH — addiction begins here for many peopleJUU — uraibu huanza hapa kwa watu wengiHIGH — addiction inaanza hapa kwa watu wengi
RecreationalYa BurudaniRecreational	Regular use in social settings — 'only weekends' or 'only with friends'Matumizi ya kawaida katika mazingira ya kijamii — 'wikendi tu' au 'na marafiki tu'Regular use kwa social settings — 'weekends tu' au 'na friends tu'	VERY HIGH — tolerance and dependence develop quicklyJUU SANA — uvumilivu na utegemezi hukua harakaVERY HIGH — tolerance na dependence hukua haraka
Dependent / AddictedWa Kutegemea / UraibuDependent / Addicted	Compulsive use despite serious harm — cannot stop without helpMatumizi ya kulazimika licha ya madhara makubwa — haiwezekani kuacha bila msaadaCompulsive use licha ya serious harm — haiwezekani kuacha bila msaada	CRISIS — needs professional treatment urgentlyDHARURA — inahitaji matibabu ya kitaalamu harakaCRISIS — inahitaji professional treatment haraka

Substance in Kenya ENDutu Kenya SWDutu Kenya SH	Common Form ENAina ya Kawaida SWAina ya Kawaida SH	Why Underestimated ENKwa Nini Haitathminiwa SWKwa Nini Haitathminiwa SH	Real Risk ENHatari ya Kweli SWHatari ya Kweli SH
Alcohol 🍺Pombe 🍺Alcohol 🍺	Chang'aa, beer, wine, spiritsChang'aa, bia, divai, vileoChang'aa, beer, divai, spirits	Legal for adults; socially normalised at eventsHalali kwa watu wazima; imekubaliwa kijamiiLegal kwa watu wazima; imekubaliwa kijamii	Most abused substance among Kenyan teens; kills brain cells; liver damage; accidents; violenceDutu inayotumiwa vibaya zaidi na vijana wa Kenya; huua seli za ubongo; uharibifu wa ini; ajali; jeuriMost abused substance kwa Kenyan teens; huua brain cells; liver damage; accidents; violence
Cannabis / Bhang 🌿Bangi 🌿Cannabis / Bhang 🌿	Smoked, tea, ediblesKuvutwa, chai, chakulaKuvutwa, chai, edibles	'It's natural' myth; 'everyone does it'Hadithi ya 'ni ya asili'; 'kila mtu anafanya''It's natural' myth; 'kila mtu anafanya'	IQ loss, psychosis risk tripled, lung damage, addictionKupoteza IQ, hatari ya psychosis mara tatu, uharibifu wa mapafu, uraibuIQ loss, psychosis risk tripled, lung damage, addiction
Glue / Petrol Sniffing 🧴Kuvuta Gundi / Mafuta 🧴Glue / Petrol Sniffing 🧴	Shoe glue, petrol, correction fluidGundi ya viatu, petroli, maji ya kufutiaShoe glue, petrol, correction fluid	Cheap, easily available, seen as 'not a real drug'Bei nafuu, inapatikana kwa urahisi, inaonekana kama 'si dawa halisi'Cheap, easily available, inaonekana kama 'si real drug'	Brain damage with first use; sudden death possible; highly toxicUharibifu wa ubongo kwa matumizi ya kwanza; kifo cha ghafla kinawezekana; sumu kubwaBrain damage kwa first use; sudden death inawezekana; highly toxic
Prescription Misuse 💊Kutumia Vibaya Dawa za Daktari 💊Prescription Misuse 💊	Cough syrups (Actifed, codeine), sleeping pills, pain medicationsDawa za kikohozi (Actifed, codeine), dawa za usingizi, dawa za maumivuCough syrups (Actifed, codeine), sleeping pills, pain medications	'It's medicine, not drugs'; available at chemists'Ni dawa, si dawa za kulevya'; inapatikana dukani'Ni medicine, si drugs'; inapatikana kwa chemists	Codeine addiction; overdose danger; respiratory depression; deathUraibu wa codeine; hatari ya overdose; kushuka kwa kupumua; kifoCodeine addiction; overdose danger; respiratory depression; kifo

🇰🇪 Kenya Stat

NACADA (2022): 16.6% ya Wakenya wanaotumia dawa ni vijana wenye umri wa miaka 10–19. Pombe ni dutu inayotumiwa vibaya zaidi, ikifuatwa na bangi, na kuvuta gundi inakua haraka miongoni mwa vijana wa miji. Kujua hili ni hatua ya kwanza ya kujilinda.16.6% ya Wakenya wanaotumia dawa ni vijana wenye miaka 10–19. Pombe ni dutu inayotumiwa vibaya zaidi Kenya.NACADA (2022): 16.6% ya Wakenya wanaotumia drugs ni vijana wenye miaka 10–19. Pombe ni most abused substance, ikifuatwa na bangi, na glue sniffing inakua haraka kwa urban youth. Kujua hili ni first step ya kujilinda.

⚠️ Warning Signs — In Yourself & OthersIshara za Onyo — Kwako na kwa WengineWarning Signs — Kwako na kwa Wengine

Recognising warning signs early — before addiction takes hold — is when intervention is most effective. These signs appear in clusters, not isolation.Kutambua ishara za onyo mapema — kabla uraibu haujashikamana — ndio wakati uingiliaji unafanya kazi vizuri zaidi. Ishara hizi huonekana kwa vikundi, si peke yake.Kutambua warning signs mapema — kabla addiction haijashikamana — ndio wakati intervention inafanya kazi vizuri zaidi. Signs hizi huonekana kwa vikundi, si peke yake.

Category ENJamii SWJamii SH	Warning Sign ENIshara ya Onyo SWIshara ya Onyo SH	What It Could Mean ENMaana Inayowezekana SWMaana Inayowezekana SH
Behaviour 🔄Tabia 🔄Behaviour 🔄	Secretive, lying about whereabouts, stealing money, dropping old friends for new secretive ones, missing school or late nightsSiri, kudanganya kuhusu mahali alipo, kuiba pesa, kuacha marafiki wa zamani kwa wapya wa siri, kukosa shule au usiku wa marehemuSecretive, kudanganya kuhusu whereabouts, kuiba pesa, kuacha old friends kwa new secretive ones, kukosa shule au late nights	New drug-using social environment; funding habit; covering tracksMazingira mapya ya kijamii ya kutumia dawa; kufadhili tabia; kufunika nyayoNew drug-using social environment; kufadhili habit; covering tracks
School 📚Shule 📚Shule 📚	Sudden unexplained grade drop, increased absenteeism, not doing homework, poor concentration, losing interest in subjects they used to enjoyKushuka kwa alama ghafla bila maelezo, kutokuwepo kunaongezeka, kutofanya kazi za nyumbani, umakini mbaya, kupoteza maslahi katika masomo waliyoyapendaSudden unexplained grade drop, absenteeism kunaongezeka, kutofanya homework, poor concentration, kupoteza interest kwa subjects waliyozipenda	Brain function impaired by substances; motivation destroyed; disengagementUtendaji wa ubongo umedhuriwia na vitu; motisha imeharibiwa; kutoshirikiBrain function inadhuriwia na substances; motivation imeharibiwa; disengagement
Physical 👁️Kimwili 👁️Kimwili 👁️	Red or bloodshot eyes, smell of alcohol or smoke on breath or clothing, weight loss, deteriorating hygiene, unusual sleep patterns (sleeping in class or staying up all night)Macho mekundu, harufu ya pombe au moshi kwenye pumzi au nguo, kupoteza uzito, usafi mbaya, mfumo usio wa kawaida wa usingiziRed au bloodshot eyes, harufu ya pombe au moshi kwa pumzi au nguo, kupoteza uzito, usafi mbaya, unusual sleep patterns	Direct physical effects of substance; self-neglect; disrupted sleep/wake cycleAthari za moja kwa moja za kimwili za vitu; kutojali nafsi; mzunguko wa usingizi/kukesha uliokatiwaDirect physical effects za substance; self-neglect; disrupted sleep/wake cycle
Emotional 😔Kihisia 😔Kihisia SH	Dramatic unexplained mood swings, irritability when questioned, sudden aggression, periods of unusual euphoria followed by deep lows, expressing hopelessnessMabadiliko ya hisia makubwa bila maelezo, ukaidi unapoulizwa, uchokozi wa ghafla, vipindi vya furaha isiyo ya kawaida ikifuatiwa na huzuni kuu, kueleza kutokuwa na tumainiDramatic unexplained mood swings, ukaidi unapoulizwa, sudden aggression, periods za unusual euphoria ikifuatiwa na deep lows, kueleza hopelessness	Brain chemistry disrupted by substance; emotional dysregulation; possible underlying mental health conditionKemia ya ubongo imeathiriwa na vitu; kutodhibiti kihisia; hali ya afya ya akili inayowezekana chini yakeBrain chemistry imeathiriwia na substance; emotional dysregulation; possible underlying mental health condition
Social 👥Kijamii 👥Kijamii 👥	Withdrawing from family and close friends, giving up sports or hobbies they loved, only spending time with new secretive friends, becoming defensive about their social lifeKujiepusha na familia na marafiki wa karibu, kuacha michezo au burudani waliyoipenda, kutumia muda na marafiki wapya wa siri tu, kuwa wa kujitetea kuhusu maisha yao ya kijamiiKujiepusha na familia na close friends, kuacha sports au hobbies waliyozipenda, kutumia muda na new secretive friends tu, kuwa defensive kuhusu social life yao	New drug-using peer group replacing old; isolation from accountability; shame and hidingKikundi kipya cha rika wanaotumia dawa kuchukua nafasi ya zamani; kutengwa na uwajibikaji; aibu na kujifichaNew drug-using peer group inachukua nafasi ya old; isolation kutoka accountability; shame na kujificha

⚠️ Important Note⚠️ Kumbuka Muhimu⚠️ Important Note Seeing ONE sign alone does not confirm drug use — it may have another explanation. But SEVERAL signs appearing TOGETHER over weeks, especially alongside secretive behaviour and withdrawal, warrant a caring conversation. Do not wait for certainty to act with concern. Kuona ISHARA MOJA peke yake haithibitishi matumizi ya dawa — inaweza kuwa na maelezo mengine. Lakini ISHARA KADHAA zinazoonekana PAMOJA kwa wiki, hasa pamoja na tabia ya siri na kujitenga, zinahitaji mazungumzo ya upole. Usisubiri uhakika wa kutenda kwa wasiwasi. Kuona SIGN MOJA peke yake haithibitishi drug use — inaweza kuwa na maelezo mengine. Lakini SIGNS KADHAA zinazoonekana PAMOJA kwa wiki, hasa pamoja na secretive behaviour na withdrawal, zinahitaji caring conversation. Usisubiri certainty ya kutenda kwa concern.

⚖️ Risk Factors vs Protective FactorsVipengele vya Hatari dhidi ya Vya KingaRisk Factors vs Protective Factors

No one chooses to become addicted. Drug abuse risk is shaped by a combination of vulnerability factors and protective buffers. Understanding both helps you strengthen your defences.Hakuna anayechagua kuwa mraibu. Hatari ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa inaundwa na mchanganyiko wa vipengele vya udhaifu na vikinga. Kuelewa vyote viwili husaidia kuimarisha ulinzi wako.Hakuna anayechagua kuwa addict. Drug abuse risk inaundwa na mchanganyiko wa vulnerability factors na protective buffers. Kuelewa vyote viwili husaidia kuimarisha defences zako.

Risk Factor ENKipengele cha Hatari SWRisk Factor SH	Why It Increases Risk ENKwa Nini Inaongeza Hatari SWKwa Nini Inaongeza Risk SH	Protective Counterpart ENKipengele cha Kinga Kinachopinga SWProtective Counterpart SH
Family addiction historyHistoria ya familia ya uraibuFamily addiction history	Genetic predisposition + normalised drug use seen at home from childhoodUzalendo wa kijeni + matumizi ya dawa yaliyokubaliwa yanayoonekana nyumbani tangu utotoGenetic predisposition + normalised drug use inayoonekana nyumbani tangu utoto	Open family conversations about drugs; clear household rulesMazungumzo ya wazi ya familia kuhusu dawa; sheria wazi za nyumbaOpen family conversations kuhusu drugs; clear household rules
Depression, anxiety, unresolved traumaUnyogovu, wasiwasi, kiwewe kisichotatuliwaDepression, anxiety, unresolved trauma	Substances used to self-medicate emotional pain — temporarily numbs feelingsVitu vinavyotumiwa kujitetiema kwa maumivu ya kihisia — huzima hisia kwa mudaSubstances zinazotumika kujitetiema kwa emotional pain — temporarily hunumb feelings	Accessing mental health support; counsellor; Befrienders Kenya 0722 178 177Kupata msaada wa afya ya akili; mshauri; Befrienders Kenya 0722 178 177Kupata mental health support; counsellor; Befrienders Kenya 0722 178 177
Drug-using peer groupKikundi cha rika wanaotumia dawaDrug-using peer group	Direct access to substances + social pressure + normalisation ('everyone does it')Ufikiaji wa moja kwa moja wa vitu + shinikizo la kijamii + kukubaliwa ('kila mtu anafanya')Direct access ya substances + social pressure + normalisation ('kila mtu anafanya')	Building friendships with non-users; engagement in sport/arts/faith communitiesKujenga urafiki na wasiotumia; ushiriki katika michezo/sanaa/jamii za imaniKujenga friendships na non-users; ushiriki kwa sport/arts/faith communities
School failure and disengagementKushindwa shuleni na kutoshirikiSchool failure na disengagement	Loss of positive identity and future orientation; too much unstructured timeKupoteza utambulisho chanya na mwelekeo wa mustakabali; muda mwingi usio na muundoKupoteza positive identity na future orientation; muda mwingi usio na structure	Tutoring support; extracurriculars; career exploration; mentorshipMsaada wa masomo; shughuli za ziada; uchunguzi wa kazi; ushauriMsaada wa masomo; extracurriculars; career exploration; mentorship
Social isolation and lonelinessKutengwa kijamii na upwekeSocial isolation na loneliness	Substances fill the void of connection; peer groups using drugs provide false belongingVitu hujaza utupu wa uhusiano; vikundi vya rika vinavyotumia dawa hutoa hali ya kuhisi mahali ya uongoSubstances hujaza void ya connection; peer groups zinazotumia drugs hutoa false belonging	Safe social spaces (clubs, sport, faith groups, youth programmes); trusted adult relationshipNafasi salama za kijamii (vilabu, michezo, vikundi vya imani, programu za vijana); uhusiano na mtu mzima anayeaminiwaSafe social spaces (clubs, sport, faith groups, youth programmes); trusted adult relationship
Easy access to substancesUfikiaji rahisi wa vituEasy access ya substances	Availability reduces the barrier to experimentation, especially for impulsive adolescentsUpatikanaji hupunguza kizuizi cha majaribio, hasa kwa vijana wenye msukumoAvailability hupunguza barrier ya experimentation, especially kwa impulsive adolescents	Awareness of where substances are present; avoiding high-risk environmentsUfahamu wa mahali vitu vipo; kuepuka mazingira ya hatari kubwaUfahamu wa mahali substances zipo; kuepuka high-risk environments

🇰🇪 Jayden's Turning Point — KiberaHatua ya Mabadiliko ya Jayden — KiberaJayden's Turning Point — KiberaJayden, 15, Kibera, had a rough year: his parents separated, he failed two exams, and his old friends moved schools. By term 3, he was hanging out with older boys who drank chang'aa. His grades dropped further and he began missing school. His aunt noticed and had a quiet, caring conversation with him — not accusations, just genuine concern. She took him to the school counsellor. Jayden says: 'She didn't make me feel like a criminal. She made me feel like someone worth saving. That changed everything.'Jayden, miaka 15, Kibera, alikuwa na mwaka mgumu: wazazi wake waliachana, alishindwa mitihani miwili, na marafiki wake wa zamani walihamia shule nyingine. Ifikapo muhula wa 3, alikuwa akizunguka na wavulana wakubwa wanaokunywa chang'aa. Alama zake zilishuka zaidi na alianza kukosa shule. Shangazi yake aligundua na alikuwa na mazungumzo ya kimya, ya upole naye — si mashtaka, wasiwasi wa kweli tu. Alimchukua kwa mshauri wa shule. Jayden anasema: 'Hakunifanya nihisi kama mhalifu. Alinifanya nihisi kama mtu anayestahili kuokolewa. Hiyo ilibadilisha kila kitu.'Jayden, miaka 15, Kibera, alikuwa na rough year: parents wake waliachana, alishindwa exams mbili, na old friends wake walihamia shule nyingine. Ifikapo muhula wa 3, alikuwa akizunguka na older boys wanaokunywa chang'aa. Grades zake zilishuka zaidi na alianza kukosa shule. Aunt yake aligundua na alikuwa na quiet, caring conversation naye — si mashtaka, genuine concern tu. Alimchukua kwa school counsellor. Jayden anasema: 'Hakunifanya nihisi kama criminal. Alinifanya nihisi kama mtu anayestahili kuokolewa. Hiyo ilibadilisha kila kitu.'

💪 Refusal Skills — Your Armour in the MomentUjuzi wa Kukataa — Silaha Yako Wakati HuoRefusal Skills — Silaha Yako Wakati Huo

The time to decide you will refuse drugs is NOW — before you are in the situation. A decision made under social pressure in the moment is far weaker than one made in advance.Wakati wa kuamua utakataa dawa ni SASA — kabla ya kuwa katika hali hiyo. Uamuzi uliofanywa chini ya shinikizo la kijamii wakati huo ni dhaifu zaidi kuliko uliofanywa mapema.Wakati wa kuamua utakataa drugs ni SASA — kabla ya kuwa kwa situation hiyo. Decision iliyofanywa chini ya social pressure wakati huo ni far weaker kuliko iliyofanywa mapema.

Pressure Line ENMsemo wa Shinikizo SWPressure SH	Strong Response ENJibu Imara SWJibu Imara SH	Why It Works ENKwa Nini Inafanya Kazi SWKwa Nini Inafanya Kazi SH
'Just try it once — it won't hurt''Jaribu mara moja tu — haitadhuru''Just try it once — haitadhuru'	'No thanks — that's how every addiction started. I'm good.''Asante hapana — ndivyo kila uraibu unavyoanza. Niko sawa.''No thanks — ndivyo kila addiction inavyoanza. I'm good.'	Uses facts, not emotionsInatumia ukweli si hisiaInatumia facts si emotions
'Everyone is doing it — don't be a coward''Kila mtu anafanya — usiwe mwoga''Kila mtu anafanya — usiwe mwoga'	'Not everyone — and I'm not. Smart, not scared.''Si kila mtu — na mimi si. Mwerevu, si mwoga.''Si kila mtu — na mimi si. Smart, si scared.'	Reframes 'coward' — turns pressure aroundInabadilisha 'mwoga' — inabadilisha shinikizoInabadilisha 'coward' — inabadilisha pressure
'It will make you feel amazing''Itakufanya ujisikie vizuri sana''Itakufanya ujisikie amazing'	'I feel great already — and I'll still feel great tomorrow.''Ninajisikia vizuri tayari — na bado nitajisikia vizuri kesho.''Ninajisikia great tayari — na bado nitajisikia great kesho.'	Shows the cost they are not mentioningInaonyesha gharama wasiyotajaInaonyesha cost hawayotaja
'Are you scared of a little bhang?''Unaogopa bangi kidogo?''Unaogopa bhang kidogo?'	'Not scared — I've seen what it does to IQ and lungs. Hard pass.''Siogopi — nimejua inachofanya kwa IQ na mapafu. Hapana.''Si scared — nimejua inachofanya kwa IQ na lungs. Hard pass.'	Uses knowledge as confidence, not moralityInatumia maarifa kama ujasiri, si maadiliInatumia knowledge kama confidence
'You think you're better than us?''Unafikiria wewe ni bora kuliko sisi?''Unafikiria wewe ni better kuliko sisi?'	'I like you all — I just make different choices for myself.''Ninawapenda nyote — ninachagua tofauti kwa mimi tu.''Ninawapenda nyote — ninachagua different kwa mimi tu.'	Defuses conflict without backing downInazima mgogoro bila kurudi nyumaInazima conflict bila backing down

🔑 The 4-Step DARE Refusal Model🔑 Mfano wa Kukataa wa DARE wa Hatua 4🔑 4-Step DARE Refusal ModelD — Direct assertive NO ('No thanks — not for me.'). A — Avoid or offer an Alternative ('Let's do something else instead'). R — give a Reason if helpful ('I've got early morning practice'). E — Exit strategy — a pre-planned believable excuse to leave if pressure continues ('I need to get home — mum's calling'). Practise these out loud until they feel natural.D — Hapana ya moja kwa moja, ya ujasiri ('Asante lakini hapana — si kwangu.'). A — Epuka au toa Mbadala ('Tufanye kitu kingine badala yake'). R — toa Sababu ikisaidia ('Nina mazoezi ya mapema'). E — Mkakati wa kutoka — kisingizio cha kuaminika kilichoplaniwa mapema ukitoka ikiwa shinikizo linaendelea ('Ninahitaji kwenda nyumbani — mama anaita'). Ifanyie mazoezi kwa sauti hadi ihisi ya asili.D — Direct assertive NO ('No thanks — si kwangu.'). A — Avoid au toa Alternative ('Tufanye kitu kingine badala yake'). R — toa Reason ukisaidia ('Nina early morning practice'). E — Exit strategy — pre-planned believable excuse ya kutoka ikiwa pressure inaendelea ('Ninahitaji kwenda nyumbani — mum anaita'). Practise hizi kwa sauti hadi ihisi natural.

Street Talk

Mtu anayekushinikiza kuchukua dawa anaona wewe kama kitu — si mtu. Rafiki wa kweli anakuheshimu ukisema hapana. Ukishinikizwa mara kwa mara na kikundi — hiyo si urafiki. Hiyo ni hatari.Mtu anayekushinikiza dawa anaona wewe kama kitu. Rafiki wa kweli anakuheshimu ukisema hapana. Kushinikizwa mara kwa mara si urafiki — ni hatari.Mtu anayekupressure kuchukua drugs anaona wewe kama kitu — si mtu. Real friend anakuheshimu ukisema no. Ukishinikizwa mara kwa mara na group — hiyo si urafiki. Hiyo ni danger.

🎬 Module VideoVideo ya ModuliModule Video

Watch carefully, then continue to the scenarios.Tazama kwa makini, kisha endelea.Watch kwa makini, kisha endelea.

🎬

Module Video

Your teacher will upload this video.Mwalimu wako ataipakia.Teacher wako ataupload.

📁 /uploads/media/drug-avoidance.mp4

🎭 Real Talk — What Would You Do?Mazungumzo ya KweliReal Talk — Ungefanya Nini?

Pick your choice and see the consequence.Chagua na uone matokeo.Chagua yako uone consequence.

Jayden, 16, Kibera, has a close friend Brian who has been acting strangely for weeks: his grades dropped, he is always tired in class, his eyes are often red, he has new friends Jayden doesn't know, and last week money went missing from their shared football subscription. Brian gets defensive whenever Jayden tries to bring it up.Jayden, miaka 16, Kibera, ana rafiki wa karibu Brian ambaye amekuwa akifanya kwa njia ya ajabu kwa wiki nyingi: alama zake zimeshuka, amechoka darasani kila wakati, macho yake mara nyingi ni mekundu, ana marafiki wapya ambao Jayden hawajui, na wiki iliyopita pesa zilitoweka kutoka usajili wao wa pamoja wa mpira. Brian huwa wa kujitetea kila wakati Jayden anajaribu kukuleta.Jayden, miaka 16, Kibera, ana close friend Brian ambaye amekuwa akifanya strangely kwa wiki nyingi: grades zake zimeshuka, anachoka darasani kila wakati, macho yake mara nyingi ni mekundu, ana new friends ambao Jayden hawajui, na wiki iliyopita pesa zilitoweka kutoka shared football subscription yao. Brian huwa defensive kila wakati Jayden anajaribu kuleta hilo.

What should Jayden do?Jayden afanye nini?Jayden afanye nini?

Five warning signs appearing together — grade drop, constant fatigue, red eyes, new secretive friends, and missing money — is a textbook cluster of drug abuse indicators. Calling this 'his personal choice' when a friend is visibly deteriorating is not respect — it is abandonment. Early intervention from a close friend is the most effective first step before professional help is needed.Ishara tano za onyo zinazoonekana pamoja — kushuka kwa alama, uchovu wa kudumu, macho mekundu, marafiki wapya wa siri, na pesa zilizopotea — ni mkusanyiko wa kitabu cha viashiria vya matumizi mabaya ya dawa. Kuita hili 'chaguo lake la kibinafsi' rafiki akipungua wazi si heshima — ni kuacha. Uingiliaji wa mapema kutoka kwa rafiki wa karibu ni hatua bora zaidi ya kwanza kabla msaada wa kitaalamu hauhitajiki.Warning signs tano zinazoonekana pamoja — grade drop, constant fatigue, red eyes, new secretive friends, na pesa zilizopotea — ni textbook cluster ya drug abuse indicators. Kuita hili 'personal choice yake' rafiki akionekana akideteriorare si respect — ni abandonment. Early intervention kutoka kwa close friend ni most effective first step kabla professional help haihitajiki.

Jayden waited until after school on a quiet afternoon. 'Hey Brian — I'm not here to judge you. I care about you and I've noticed you seem different lately. Are you okay?' Brian was quiet at first, then admitted he had been using bhang 'to deal with stuff at home.' Jayden listened without interrupting. Then: 'Have you thought about talking to someone? I'll go with you to the school counsellor if you want — I won't tell anyone else.' Brian agreed. The counsellor connected Brian's family to NACADA support. Three months later, Brian was back on the football team. ✅Jayden alisubiri baada ya shule siku ya utulivu asubuhi. 'Hey Brian — siko hapa kukuhukumu. Nakujali na nimetambua unaonekana tofauti hivi karibuni. Uko sawa?' Brian alikaa kimya mwanzoni, kisha akakubali kwamba alikuwa akitumia bangi 'kukabiliana na mambo nyumbani.' Jayden alisikiliza bila kukatiza. Kisha: 'Je, umefikiria kuzungumza na mtu? Nitakwenda pamoja nawe kwa mshauri wa shule ukitaka — sitamwambia mtu mwingine.' Brian alikubaliana. Mshauri aliunganisha familia ya Brian na msaada wa NACADA. Miezi mitatu baadaye, Brian alikuwa nyuma kwa timu ya mpira. ✅Jayden alisubiri baada ya shule siku quiet. 'Hey Brian — siko hapa kukuhukumu. Nakujali na nimetambua unaonekana different hivi karibuni. Uko sawa?' Brian alikaa kimya kwanza, kisha akakubali kwamba alikuwa akitumia bhang 'kukabiliana na mambo nyumbani.' Jayden alisikiliza bila kuinterrupt. Kisha: 'Je, umefikiria kuzungumza na mtu? Nitakwenda nawe kwa school counsellor ukitaka — sitamwambia mtu mwingine.' Brian alikubaliana. Counsellor aliunganisha familia ya Brian na NACADA support. Miezi mitatu baadaye, Brian alikuwa nyuma kwa football team. ✅

Wanjiku, 17, Murang'a, is at a house party. Someone she doesn't know well hands her a drink saying 'it's just juice — relax.' The drink smells slightly odd. A few minutes later, she notices two other people acting very strangely after drinking from the same bottle.Wanjiku, miaka 17, Murang'a, yuko kwenye karamu ya nyumba. Mtu asiyemjua vizuri anampa kinywaji akisema 'ni juisi tu — pumzika.' Kinywaji kina harufu kidogo ya ajabu. Baada ya dakika chache, anaona watu wengine wawili wakifanya kwa njia ya ajabu sana baada ya kunywa kutoka chupa ile ile.Wanjiku, miaka 17, Murang'a, yuko kwa house party. Mtu asiyemjua vizuri anampa kinywaji akisema 'ni juice tu — relax.' Kinywaji kina harufu kidogo ya ajabu. Baada ya dakika chache, anaona watu wengine wawili wakifanya very strangely baada ya kunywa kutoka bottle ile ile.

What should Wanjiku do?Wanjiku afanye nini?Wanjiku afanye nini?

Accepting unknown drinks at parties is one of the most common routes to accidental drug ingestion. The odd smell, the unknown source, and the visible effects on others are all clear warning signs that the drink has been spiked. 'Awkwardness' is a trivial cost compared to the risk of being drugged — which can lead to assault, robbery, or serious medical harm.Kukubali vinywaji visivyojulikana kwenye karamu ni mojawapo ya njia za kawaida zaidi za kuchukua dawa bila kukusudia. Harufu ya ajabu, chanzo kisichojulikana, na athari zinazoonekana kwa wengine ni ishara wazi kwamba kinywaji kimechanganywa na dawa. 'Wasiwasi' ni gharama ndogo ikilinganishwa na hatari ya kulevywa — ambayo inaweza kusababisha shambulio, wizi, au madhara makubwa ya kimatibabu.Kukubali unknown drinks kwa parties ni mojawapo ya common routes za accidental drug ingestion. Odd smell, unknown source, na visible effects kwa wengine ni all clear warning signs kwamba kinywaji kimechanganywa. 'Awkwardness' ni trivial cost ikilinganishwa na risk ya kudrugwa — ambayo inaweza kusababisha assault, robbery, au serious medical harm.

Wanjiku put the drink down and found her cousin. She told her what she had seen: the odd smell, the behaviour of the two people who had drunk. Her cousin called one of the affected people's parents immediately and the parents took them to the hospital. Police were also informed. The drink had been spiked with a prescription sedative. Wanjiku's observation and decision to speak up prevented what could have been a serious criminal situation. ✅Wanjiku aliweka kinywaji chini na alimkuta binamu yake. Alimwambia alichokiona: harufu ya ajabu, tabia ya watu wawili waliokunywa. Binamu yake alipiga simu mzazi wa mmoja wa watu walioathiriwa mara moja na wazazi waliwachukua hospitalini. Polisi pia walifahamishwa. Kinywaji kilikuwa kimechanganywa na dawa ya usingizi iliyoagizwa. Uchunguzi wa Wanjiku na uamuzi wa kuzungumza ulizuia hali ambayo ingeweza kuwa mbaya sana ya uhalifu. ✅Wanjiku aliweka kinywaji chini na alimkuta cousin yake. Alimwambia alichokiona: odd smell, behaviour ya watu wawili waliokunywa. Cousin yake alipiga simu mzazi wa mmoja wa watu walioathiriwa mara moja na wazazi waliwachukua hospitalini. Polisi pia walifahamishwa. Kinywaji kilikuwa spiked na prescription sedative. Observation ya Wanjiku na decision ya kuzungumza ilizuia hali ambayo ingeweza kuwa serious criminal situation. ✅

🤝 Supporting a Friend & Getting Help in KenyaKumsaidia Rafiki na Kupata Msaada KenyaKumsaidia Friend na Kupata Help Kenya

If you recognise warning signs in a friend, your response can be the turning point in their life. The right approach is not confrontation — it is genuine, caring connection.Ukitambua ishara za onyo kwa rafiki, mwitikio wako unaweza kuwa hatua ya mabadiliko katika maisha yao. Njia sahihi si mkabiliano — ni uhusiano wa kweli, wa upole.Ukitambua warning signs kwa friend, response yako inaweza kuwa turning point kwa maisha yao. Right approach si confrontation — ni genuine, caring connection.

Step ENHatua SWHatua SH	What To Do ENLa Kufanya SWLa Kufanya SH	What NOT To Do ENUsifanye SWUsifanye SH
1. Choose the right moment1. Chagua wakati sahihi1. Chagua right moment	Private, calm — not in front of others, not when they are intoxicatedFaraghani, ya utulivu — si mbele ya wengine, si wanapolevyaFaraghani, calm — si mbele ya wengine, si wanapolevya	Confront them publicly or post about it on social mediaWakabiliana hadharani au chapisha kuhusu hilo kwenye mitandaoWakabiliane hadharani au chapisha kuhusu hilo kwa social media
2. Open with genuine care2. Anza na wasiwasi wa kweli2. Anza na genuine care	'I've noticed some changes and I care about you — can we talk?' Say their name. Make eye contact.'Nimetambua mabadiliko fulani na ninakujali — tunaweza kuzungumza?' Sema jina lao. Angalia macho yao.'Nimetambua mabadiliko fulani na ninakujali — tunaweza kuzungumza?' Sema jina lao. Angalia macho yao.	Start with accusations, ultimatums, or 'you need to stop'Anza na mashtaka, matishio, au 'unahitaji kuacha'Anza na mashtaka, ultimatums, au 'unahitaji kuacha'
3. Listen more than you speak3. Sikiliza zaidi kuliko unazungumza3. Sikiliza zaidi kuliko unazungumza	Ask questions and hear the answers. Don't interrupt or judge. Acknowledge their feelings.Uliza maswali na usikize majibu. Usisimamishe au kuhukumu. Thibitisha hisia zao.Uliza maswali na usikilize majibu. Usisimamishe au kuhukumu. Thibitisha feelings zao.	Lecture, moralize, or make it about your own feelings about their choicesHotuba, hukumu ya kidini, au kuifanya ihusu hisia zako kuhusu maamuzi yaoHotuba, moralize, au kuifanya ihusu feelings zako kuhusu choices zao
4. Encourage professional help4. Mhimize msaada wa kitaalamu4. Mhimize professional help	'Have you considered talking to the school counsellor? I'll go with you if you want.''Je, umefikiria kuzungumza na mshauri wa shule? Nitakwenda pamoja nawe ukitaka.''Je, umefikiria kuzungumza na school counsellor? Nitakwenda nawe ukitaka.'	Try to be their therapist or promise to fix them yourselfJaribu kuwa mshauri wao au ahidi kuwarekebisha wewe mwenyeweJaribu kuwa therapist wao au ahidi kuwarekebisha wewe mwenyewe
5. If safety is at risk — tell an adult5. Ikiwa usalama uko hatarini — mwambie mtu mzima5. Ikiwa safety iko hatarini — mwambie adult	If their drug use is dangerous or escalating, tell a trusted teacher, parent, or counsellor. This is not betrayal — it is protection.Matumizi yao ya dawa yakiwa hatari au kuongezeka, mwambie mwalimu anayeaminiwa, mzazi, au mshauri. Hii si usaliti — ni ulinzi.Matumizi yao ya drugs yakiwa dangerous au kuongezeka, ambia trusted teacher, mzazi, au counsellor. Hii si usaliti — ni protection.	Promise to keep it secret at the cost of their safetyAhidi kulinda siri kwa gharama ya usalama waoAhidi kulinda siri kwa gharama ya safety yao

Support Resource ENRasilimali SWRasilimali SH	Contact ENMawasiliano SWMawasiliano SH	What They Offer ENWanachotoa SWWanachotoa SH	Cost ENGharama SWGharama SH
NACADA KenyaNACADA KenyaNACADA Kenya	0800 723 2530800 723 2530800 723 253	Drug abuse prevention education, counselling referrals, treatment connections, 24/7Elimu ya kuzuia matumizi mabaya ya dawa, rufaa za ushauri, uhusiano wa matibabu, 24/7Drug abuse prevention education, counselling referrals, treatment connections, 24/7	FREEBUREFREE
School CounsellorMshauri wa ShuleSchool Counsellor	At your schoolShuleni kwakoShuleni kwako	Drug concerns, mental health support, referrals — first and most accessible pointWasiwasi wa dawa, msaada wa afya ya akili, rufaa — sehemu ya kwanza na inayofikika zaidiDrug concerns, mental health support, referrals — first na most accessible point	FREEBUREFREE
Mathare Hospital NairobiHospitali ya Mathare NairobiMathare Hospital Nairobi	020 2723 031020 2723 031020 2723 031	Inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment, detox, therapyMatibabu ya uraibu ya kulazwa na kutolazwa, kuondoa sumu, tibaInpatient na outpatient addiction treatment, detox, therapy	Free with referralBure na rufaaFree na referral
Coast General HospitalHospitali ya Jumla ya PwaniCoast General Hospital	041 231 4201041 231 4201041 231 4201	Addiction unit — serving Mombasa and Coast regionKitengo cha uraibu — kuhudumia Mombasa na mkoa wa PwaniAddiction unit — serving Mombasa na Coast region	Free with referralBure na rufaaFree na referral
Befrienders Kenya (if emotional crisis)Befrienders Kenya (dharura ya kihisia)Befrienders Kenya (emotional crisis)	0722 178 1770722 178 1770722 178 177	Emotional support, suicide prevention — for someone using drugs who is in mental health crisisMsaada wa kihisia, kuzuia kujiua — kwa mtu anayetumia dawa aliye katika mgawanyiko wa afya ya akiliEmotional support, suicide prevention — kwa mtu anayetumia drugs aliye in mental health crisis	FREEBUREFREE

Street Talk

Kusaidia rafiki kupata msaada wa dawa si kumsaliti — ni kumwokolea maisha. Ukimya wa 'urafiki' unaomuacha mraibu kuendelea ni aina ya kuacha. Rafiki wa kweli anachukua hatua hata ikiumiza kidogo.Kusaidia rafiki kupata msaada si usaliti — ni kumwokolea maisha. Ukimya unaomuacha mraibu kuendelea si urafiki. Ni kuacha.Kusaidia friend kupata help kwa drugs si usaliti — ni kumwokolea maisha. Ukimya wa 'urafiki' unaomuacha addict kuendelea si urafiki. Ni kuacha. Real friend anachukua hatua hata ikiumiza kidogo.

✍️ Reflection — Your Personal Defence PlanTafakari — Mpango Wako Binafsi wa UlinziReflection — Personal Defence Plan Yako

1. Identify TWO protective factors that are already strong in your life and TWO risk factors you should be aware of. What will you do to strengthen the first and reduce the second?1. Tambua VIPENGELE VYA KINGA VIWILI vilivyoimara tayari maishani mwako na VIPENGELE VYA HATARI VIWILI unapaswa kufahamu. Utafanya nini kuimarisha vya kwanza na kupunguza vya pili?1. Tambua PROTECTIVE FACTORS MBILI zilizoimara tayari maishani mwako na RISK FACTORS MBILI unapaswa kufahamu. Utafanya nini kuimarisha za kwanza na kupunguza za pili?

2. Write your personal pre-planned refusal script — the exact words you would use if offered bhang or alcohol at a party this weekend. Include all 4 DARE steps.2. Andika hati yako ya kukataa iliyoplaniwa mapema ya kibinafsi — maneno halisi unayotumia ukipewa bangi au pombe kwenye karamu wikendi hii. Jumuisha hatua zote 4 za DARE.2. Andika personal pre-planned refusal script yako — exact words unazotumia ukipewa bhang au alcohol kwa party weekend hii. Jumuisha DARE steps zote 4.

3. Think of someone in your life who might be showing warning signs of drug abuse. Without using their name, describe THREE signs you have noticed and write ONE specific caring action you will take in the next week.3. Fikiria mtu katika maisha yako ambaye anaweza kuonyesha ishara za onyo za matumizi mabaya ya dawa. Bila kutumia jina lake, eleza ISHARA TATU umeshaona na andika HATUA MOJA ya upole utakayochukua wiki ijayo.3. Fikiria mtu kwa maisha yako ambaye anaweza kuonyesha warning signs za drug abuse. Bila kutumia jina lake, describe SIGNS TATU umeshaona na andika CARING ACTION MOJA utakayochukua wiki ijayo.

✍️ My Reflection (private)✍️ Tafakari Yangu (ya siri)✍️ Mawazo Yangu (siri)

📊 Quiz — Recognising & Avoiding Drug Abuse (25 Marks)Jaribio (Alama 25)Quiz (Marks 25)

Complete all parts. 15/25 (60%) to earn your certificate.Kamilisha sehemu zote. 15/25 kupata cheti.Fanya sehemu zote. 15/25 kupata certificate.

Part A: MCQ — 10 marksSehemu A: MCQPart A: MCQ

1. Drug abuse is BEST defined as:1. Matumizi mabaya ya dawa yanafafanuliwa VYEMA kama:1. Drug abuse inafafanuliwa VYEMA kama:

ATaking prescribed medication exactly as directed by a doctorKuchukua dawa zilizoagizwa hasa kama ilivyoelekezwa na daktariKuchukua prescribed medication exactly kama ilivyoelekezwa na daktari

BUsing any substance — legal or illegal — in a way that harms physical, mental, or social wellbeingKutumia dutu yoyote — halali au haramu — kwa njia inayodhuru ustawi wa kimwili, kiakili, au kijamiiKutumia substance yoyote — legal au illegal — kwa njia inayodhuru physical, mental, au social wellbeing

CDrinking coffee or tea every morningKunywa kahawa au chai kila asubuhiKunywa coffee au tea kila asubuhi

DUsing alcohol once at a celebrationKutumia pombe mara moja katika shereheKutumia alcohol mara moja kwa celebration

2. Which combination of signs is MOST likely to indicate drug abuse in a classmate?2. Mchanganyiko gani wa ishara una uwezekano ZAIDI wa kuonyesha matumizi mabaya ya dawa kwa mwanafunzi mwenzako?2. Combination gani ya signs ina uwezekano ZAIDI wa kuonyesha drug abuse kwa classmate?

AEating more food and getting better gradesKula chakula zaidi na kupata alama boraKula chakula zaidi na kupata grades bora

BSudden grade drop, secretive behaviour, red or bloodshot eyes, withdrawing from usual friends, money going missing, and mood swingsKushuka kwa alama ghafla, tabia ya siri, macho mekundu, kujiepusha na marafiki wa kawaida, pesa kutoweka, na kubadilika kwa hisiaSudden grade drop, secretive behaviour, red au bloodshot eyes, kujiepusha na usual friends, pesa ikitoweka, na mood swings

CBeing very talkative and energetic onlyKuwa na maneno mengi sana na nguvu tuKuwa very talkative na energetic tu

DSleeping 8 hours a nightKulala masaa 8 usikuKulala masaa 8 usiku

3. Peer pressure leads to drug use most powerfully through:3. Shinikizo la rika husababisha matumizi ya dawa kwa nguvu zaidi kupitia:3. Peer pressure husababisha drug use kwa nguvu zaidi kupitia:

APhysical force that cannot be resistedNguvu ya kimwili isiyoweza kupingwaPhysical force isiyoweza kupingwa

BThe desire to belong, fear of rejection, wanting to appear mature, and not wanting to seem different from the groupHamu ya kuhisi mahali, hofu ya kukataliwa, kutaka kuonekana mtu mzima, na kutotaka kuonekana tofauti na kikundiHamu ya kuhisi mahali, hofu ya kukataliwa, kutaka kuonekana mature, na kutotaka kuonekana tofauti na group

CTeachers encouraging students to try substancesWalimu kuwahamasisha wanafunzi kujaribu vituWalimu kuwahamasisha wanafunzi kujaribu substances

DAdvertisements on televisionMatangazo ya televisheniMatangazo ya television

4. Which of the following is a PROTECTIVE factor against drug abuse?4. Ipi kati ya hizi ni kipengele cha KINGA dhidi ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa?4. Ipi kati ya hizi ni PROTECTIVE factor dhidi ya drug abuse?

AHaving no rules or curfews at homeKutokuwa na sheria au muda wa kurejea nyumbaniKutokuwa na rules au curfews nyumbani

BStrong family bonds, clear personal values, positive activities like sport or faith, and a trusted adult to talk toUhusiano imara wa familia, maadili wazi ya kibinafsi, shughuli chanya kama michezo au imani, na mtu mzima anayeaminiwa wa kuzungumza nayeStrong family bonds, clear personal values, positive activities kama sport au faith, na trusted adult wa kuzungumza naye

CSpending most time alone with no supervisionKutumia muda mwingi peke yako bila usimamiziKutumia muda mwingi peke yako bila supervision

DHaving friends who use drugs casuallyKuwa na marafiki wanaotumia dawa kirahisiKuwa na friends wanaotumia drugs kirahisi

5. Which of the following is a RISK factor that increases the likelihood of drug abuse?5. Ipi kati ya hizi ni kipengele cha HATARI kinachoongeza uwezekano wa matumizi mabaya ya dawa?5. Ipi kati ya hizi ni RISK factor inayoongeza likelihood ya drug abuse?

AHaving a trusted school counsellorKuwa na mshauri wa shule anayeaminiwaKuwa na trusted school counsellor

BFamily history of addiction, unresolved trauma or depression, school failure, drug-using peer group, and social isolationHistoria ya familia ya uraibu, kiwewe au unyogovu usiotatuliwa, kushindwa shuleni, kikundi cha rika wanaotumia dawa, na kutengwa kijamiiFamily history ya addiction, unresolved trauma au depression, school failure, drug-using peer group, na social isolation

CParticipating actively in school sports teamsKushiriki kikamilifu katika timu za michezo za shuleKushiriki kikamilifu kwa school sports teams

DHaving regular meals and adequate sleepKuwa na milo ya kawaida na usingizi wa kutoshaKuwa na regular meals na adequate sleep

6. The MOST effective 4-step drug refusal strategy is:6. Mkakati wa hatua 4 wa kukataa dawa WA UFANISI ZAIDI ni:6. Most EFFECTIVE 4-step drug refusal strategy ni:

ARun away without saying anythingKimbia bila kusema chochoteKimbia bila kusema chochote

BGive an assertive NO with a reason, offer an alternative activity, and have a pre-planned exit strategy readyToa HAPANA ya ujasiri na sababu, toa shughuli mbadala, na uwe na mkakati wa kutoka ulioplaniwa awaliToa assertive NO na sababu, toa alternative activity, na uwe na pre-planned exit strategy tayari

CAccept it once to avoid conflict then never againKubali mara moja kuepuka mgogoro kisha kamwe tenaKubali mara moja kuepuka conflict kisha kamwe tena

DExplain your full life story to justify refusingEleza hadithi yako yote ya maisha kuhalalisha kukataaEleza full life story yako kuhalalisha kukataa

7. An 'exit strategy' when facing drug pressure means:7. 'Mkakati wa kutoka' unapokabiliana na shinikizo la dawa unamaanisha:7. 'Exit strategy' unapokabiliana na drug pressure inamaanisha:

ARunning as fast as you can without explanationKukimbia haraka iwezekanavyo bila maelezoKukimbia haraka iwezekanavyo bila maelezo

BA pre-planned believable reason to leave a high-pressure situation — for example, 'I need to get home, my mum is calling me'Sababu ya kuaminika iliyoplaniwa awali ya kuondoka katika hali ya shinikizo — kwa mfano, 'Ninahitaji kwenda nyumbani, mama yangu ananipiga simu'Believable reason iliyoplaniwa awali ya kuondoka kwa high-pressure situation — kwa mfano, 'Ninahitaji kwenda nyumbani, mama yangu ananipiga simu'

CCalling the police immediatelyKupiga simu polisi mara mojaCalling polisi mara moja

DAgreeing to use drugs and then spitting them outKukubaliana kutumia dawa kisha kuzitemaKukubaliana kutumia drugs kisha kuzitema

8. Which of these substances is commonly abused by Kenyan students but often underestimated as dangerous?8. Ipi kati ya hizi ni dutu inayotumiwa vibaya kawaida na wanafunzi wa Kenya lakini mara nyingi haitathminiwa ipasavyo kama hatari?8. Ipi kati ya hizi ni substance inayotumiwa vibaya kawaida na Kenyan students lakini mara nyingi haifikiliwi kama dangerous?

AVitaminsVitaminiVitamins

BAlcohol, bhang (cannabis), glue/petrol sniffing, and prescription drug misuse — all widely available and socially normalised in some settingsPombe, bangi (cannabis), kuvuta gundi/mafuta, na kutumia vibaya dawa zilizoagizwa — zote zinapatikana sana na zimekubaliwa kijamii katika mazingira fulaniPombe, bangi (cannabis), kuvuta gundi/petrol, na prescription drug misuse — zote zinapatikana sana na zimekubaliwa kijamii katika settings fulani

CHerbal teasChai za mitishambaChai za mitishamba

DFruit juiceMaji ya matundaMaji ya matunda

9. When supporting a friend you suspect is using drugs, the BEST first approach is:9. Unapounga mkono rafiki unayeshuku anatumia dawa, NJIA BORA ya kwanza ni:9. Unapounga mkono friend unayeshuku anatumia drugs, BEST first approach ni:

ATell everyone at school so they can helpMwambie kila mtu shuleni ili waweze kusaidiaMwambie kila mtu shuleni ili waweze kusaidia

BHave a private, non-judgmental conversation expressing genuine concern, listen carefully, and encourage them to speak with a trusted adult or counsellorKuwa na mazungumzo ya faraghani, yasiyohukumu ukieleza wasiwasi wa kweli, sikiliza kwa makini, na mhimize kuzungumza na mtu mzima anayeaminiwa au mshauriKuwa na private, non-judgmental conversation ukieleza genuine concern, sikiliza kwa makini, na mhimize kuzungumza na trusted adult au counsellor

CIgnore it completely — it is not your businessPuuza kabisa — si kazi yakoPuuza kabisa — si kazi yako

DTake their drugs away by force to help them stopWachukue dawa kwa nguvu kuwasidia kuachaWachukue drugs kwa nguvu kuwasidia kuacha

10. NACADA Kenya's free 24/7 drug abuse helpline is:10. Mstari wa msaada wa bure wa NACADA Kenya wa matumizi mabaya ya dawa 24/7 ni:10. NACADA Kenya's free 24/7 drug abuse helpline ni:

A0722 178 1770722 178 1770722 178 177

B0800 723 2530800 723 2530800 723 253

C999999999

D116116116

Part B: Fill Blanks — 5 marksSehemu B: Jaza NafasiPart B: Fill Blanks

1. Using any substance in a way that harms your health, relationships, or daily functioning is called drug ______. 1. Kutumia dutu yoyote kwa njia inayodhuru afya yako, mahusiano, au utendaji wa kila siku kunaitwa matumizi ______ ya dawa. 1. Kutumia substance yoyote kwa njia inayodhuru health yako, mahusiano, au daily functioning kunaitwa drug ______.

2. The desire to belong and the fear of ______ are the most powerful emotional drivers behind peer-pressured drug use. 2. Hamu ya kuhisi mahali na hofu ya ______ ni vichochezi vikali zaidi vya kihisia nyuma ya matumizi ya dawa yanayotokana na shinikizo la rika. 2. Hamu ya kuhisi mahali na hofu ya ______ ni most powerful emotional drivers nyuma ya peer-pressured drug use.

3. Strong family bonds, clear personal values, and positive activities like sport or faith are examples of ______ factors against drug abuse. 3. Uhusiano imara wa familia, maadili wazi ya kibinafsi, na shughuli chanya kama michezo au imani ni mifano ya vipengele vya ______ dhidi ya matumizi mabaya ya dawa. 3. Strong family bonds, clear personal values, na positive activities kama sport au faith ni mifano ya ______ factors dhidi ya drug abuse.

4. A pre-planned believable reason to leave a high-pressure situation is called an ______ strategy. 4. Sababu ya kuaminika iliyoplaniwa awali ya kuondoka katika hali ya shinikizo inaitwa mkakati wa ______. 4. Believable reason iliyoplaniwa awali ya kuondoka kwa high-pressure situation inaitwa ______ strategy.

5. The NACADA Kenya free 24/7 drug abuse helpline number is 0800 723 ______. 5. Nambari ya mstari wa msaada wa bure wa NACADA Kenya wa matumizi mabaya ya dawa 24/7 ni 0800 723 ______. 5. NACADA Kenya free 24/7 drug abuse helpline number ni 0800 723 ______.

Part C: Short Answer — 10 marksSehemu C: Jibu FupiPart C: Short Answer

Distinguish between risk factors and protective factors in drug abuse prevention. Give TWO examples of each and explain why each matters. (4 marks) (4 marks marks)Tofautisha kati ya vipengele vya hatari na vya kinga katika kuzuia matumizi mabaya ya dawa. Toa MIFANO MIWILI ya kila moja na eleza kwa nini kila kimoja ni muhimu. (alama 4)Tofautisha kati ya risk factors na protective factors kwa drug abuse prevention. Toa EXAMPLES MBILI za kila moja na eleza kwa nini kila moja ni muhimu. (marks 4)

Describe a complete 4-step strategy for refusing drugs when pressured by a friend group. Give an example of what you would say at each step. (3 marks) (3 marks marks)Eleza mkakati kamili wa hatua 4 wa kukataa dawa ukishinikizwa na kikundi cha marafiki. Toa mfano wa unachosema katika kila hatua. (alama 3)Describe complete 4-step strategy ya kukataa drugs ukishinikizwa na friend group. Toa example ya unachosema kwa kila hatua. (marks 3)

Your close friend has recently started using alcohol every weekend. You've noticed grade drops, mood changes, and they are now missing football practice. Write what you would do step by step — including what you would say and who you would involve. (3 marks) (3 marks marks)Rafiki yako wa karibu hivi karibuni ameanza kutumia pombe kila wikendi. Umetambua kushuka kwa alama, mabadiliko ya hisia, na sasa wanakosa mazoezi ya mpira. Andika unachofanya hatua kwa hatua — ikiwemo unachosema na unayemhusisha. (alama 3)Close friend yako hivi karibuni ameanza kutumia pombe kila weekend. Umetambua grade drops, mood changes, na sasa wanakosa football practice. Andika unachofanya step by step — ikiwemo unachosema na unayemhusisha. (marks 3)

Below 60% — try again!Chini ya 60%!Chini ya 60%!

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