🎯 Learning OutcomesMatokeo ya KujifunzaLearning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:Mwisho wa somo hili, utaweza:Mwisho wa lesson hii, utaweza:

  1. Define alcohol and explain how ethanol affects the brain and bodyEleza pombe na jinsi ethanol inavyoathiri ubongo na mwiliDefine alcohol na jinsi ethanol inavyoathiri ubongo na mwili
  2. Identify the unique dangers of chang'aa, busaa and illicit brews in KenyaTambua hatari za chang'aa, busaa na pombe haramu nchini KenyaIdentify dangers za chang'aa, busaa na illicit brews Kenya
  3. Explain how alcohol causes addiction and the stages of alcohol use disorderEleza jinsi pombe inavyosababisha uraibu na hatua za ugonjwa wa matumizi ya pombeExplain jinsi alcohol inasababisha addiction na stages za alcohol use disorder
  4. Apply DARE refusal skills to real Kenya social pressure scenariosTumia ujuzi wa kukataa DARE katika hali halisi za shinikizo la kijamii KenyaApply DARE refusal skills kwa Kenya social pressure scenarios
  5. Identify support resources including NACADA for alcohol problemsTambua rasilimali za msaada ikiwemo NACADA kwa matatizo ya pombeIdentify support resources including NACADA kwa alcohol problems
Big Question:Swali Kuu:Big Question: You are at a house party. Everyone around you is drinking. Your best friend hands you a cold Tusker and says 'Just one won't hurt.' What do you do — and why?Uko kwenye karamu. Kila mtu ananywa. Rafiki yako bora anakupa Tusker baridi na kusema 'Moja haitadhuru.' Unafanya nini — na kwa nini?Uko kwa house party. Kila mtu anakunywa. Best friend yako anakupa Tusker baridi na kusema 'Just one haitaumiza.' Unafanya nini — na kwa nini?
🍺 What Is Alcohol? — The Kenya RealityPombe ni Nini? — Hali KenyaWhat Is Alcohol? — Kenya Reality

Alcohol is a psychoactive drug — a substance that changes how your brain works. The active ingredient is ethanol, produced by fermenting sugar using yeast.Pombe ni dawa ya psychoactive — dutu inayobadilisha jinsi ubongo wako unavyofanya kazi. Kiungo kinachofanya kazi ni ethanol, inayotengenezwa kwa kuchachushwa kwa sukari kwa kutumia chachu.Alcohol is a psychoactive drug — a substance that changes how your brain works. The active ingredient is ethanol, produced by fermenting sugar using yeast.

Type ENAinaCommon in Kenya ENKenyaAlcohol % EN%Special Risk ENHatari
Beer / LagerBia/LagerTusker, Pilsner, White CapTusker, Pilsner4–6%4–6%Gateway drug for youthMlango wa dawa kwa vijana
Chang'aaChang'aaUrban slums, rural areasMaeneo ya mabondeni40–60%+40–60%+Methanol contamination — can cause blindness/deathMethanol — inaweza kusababisha upofu/kifo
BusaaBusaaWestern KenyaKenya Magharibi3–8%3–8%Uncontrolled fermentation, unknown strengthUchachushaji usiodhibitiwa
Mnazi/Palm WineMnazi/TemboCoastal KenyaPwani4–7%4–7%Often adulterated with chemicalsMara nyingi na kemikali
Spirits (Vodka, Konyagi)SpiritsCountrywideNchi nzima35–40%35–40%Rapid intoxication, poor quality controlsUlevi wa haraka
⚠️ Chang'aa is the most dangerous. Unregulated production means methanol contamination is common. Methanol causes permanent blindness and death — and you cannot tell the difference by smell or taste.Chang'aa ni hatari zaidi. Methanol inaweza kusababisha upofu wa kudumu na kifo — huwezi kutofautisha kwa harufu au ladha.
🔑 Ethanol🔑 Ethanol The type of alcohol in beverages that causes intoxication. Safe in small amounts for adults — toxic in large amounts for anyone.Aina ya pombe katika vinywaji inayosababisha ulevi.
🔑 Methanol🔑 Methanol A toxic industrial alcohol sometimes found in illicit brews like chang'aa. Even small amounts cause blindness and organ failure.Pombe ya viwandani yenye sumu inayopatikana mara nyingi katika chang'aa.
🧠 How Alcohol Affects the Brain & BodyJinsi Pombe Inavyoathiri Ubongo na MwiliJinsi Alcohol Inavyoathiri Ubongo na Mwili

Alcohol is a CNS depressant — it slows down the brain. This is why drunk people slur words, lose balance, and make poor decisions.Pombe ni kizuizi cha mfumo wa neva — inasimamisha ubongo. Ndiyo maana watu waliolewa wanachanganya maneno, kupoteza usawa, na kufanya maamuzi mabaya.Alcohol is a CNS depressant — it slows down the brain. This is why drunk people slur words, lose balance, and make poor decisions.

Blood Alcohol Level ENKiwangoWhat Happens ENKinachotokeaRisk ENHatari
0.02–0.05%0.02–0.05%Relaxed, lowered inhibitions, mild euphoriaUtulivu, kupungua kwa kizuiziRisky decisions beginMaamuzi hatari yanaanza
0.06–0.10%0.06–0.10%Slurred speech, poor coordination, impaired judgmentManeno ya makwazo, uratibu mbayaDriving illegal — danger zoneKuendesha gari haramu
0.11–0.20%0.11–0.20%Stumbling, emotional instability, nauseaKuteleza, kutokuwa na utulivu wa kihisiaHigh risk of accidents and assaultHatari kubwa ya ajali
0.20–0.30%0.20–0.30%Confusion, vomiting, blackoutsMkanganyiko, kutapika, kuzimiaMedical emergency — organ failure riskDharura ya kimatibabu
Above 0.30%Zaidi ya 0.30%Unconscious, coma, deathKupoteza fahamu, kukosa, kifoFATAL — requires emergency careHATARI YA KIFO

The adolescent brain is especially vulnerable. Alcohol disrupts the hippocampus (memory) and prefrontal cortex (judgment). Regular drinking before age 25 can permanently reduce brain volume and increase lifetime addiction risk by 4–5×.Ubongo wa kijana ni hatari sana. Pombe inafangia hippocampus (kumbukumbu) na prefrontal cortex (maamuzi). Unywaji wa mara kwa mara kabla ya miaka 25 unaweza kupunguza kiasi cha ubongo kwa kudumu.The adolescent brain is especially vulnerable. Alcohol disrupts the hippocampus (memory) and prefrontal cortex (judgment). Regular drinking before age 25 can permanently reduce brain volume and increase lifetime addiction risk by 4–5×.

⚠️ Short-term memory loss ("blackouts") during heavy drinking is not normal — it is brain damage. Repeated blackouts cause cumulative, permanent cognitive impairment.Kupoteza kumbukumbu ya muda mfupi wakati wa unywaji mzito sio kawaida — ni uharibifu wa ubongo.
🔗 Addiction — How Alcohol Hooks YouUraibu — Jinsi Pombe InavyokushikaAddiction — Jinsi Alcohol Inakushika

Alcohol triggers dopamine release — the brain's reward chemical. Over time, the brain needs more alcohol to feel the same effect. This is tolerance. Eventually, the brain can't function without alcohol. This is dependence.Pombe inachochea kutolewa kwa dopamine — kemikali ya tuzo ya ubongo. Baada ya muda, ubongo unahitaji pombe zaidi kuhisi athari sawa. Hii ni uvumilivu. Hatimaye, ubongo hauwezi kufanya kazi bila pombe. Hii ni utegemezi.Alcohol triggers dopamine release — the brain's reward chemical. Over time, the brain needs more alcohol to feel the same effect. This is tolerance. Eventually, the brain can't function without alcohol. This is dependence.

Stage ENHatuaWhat It Looks Like ENDaliliKenya Reality ENHali Kenya
ExperimentalMajaribioFirst drink — curiosity, celebration, peer pressureKinywaji cha kwanza — udadisi, shinikizoNational parties, school events, funeralsSherehe za kitaifa
Social/RegularKijamiiDrinking at every social event, "just to relax"Kunywa katika kila tukio la kijamiiAfter work, weekends, football matchesBaada ya kazi
ProblematicTatizoDrinking alone, hiding it, missing obligationsKunywa peke yako, kufichaMissing school/work, family conflictsKukosa shule/kazi
DependentUtegemeziCan't stop, shaking/sweating without alcoholHaiwezekani kusimamaMorning drinking, selling possessionsKunywa asubuhi
Addicted/AUDUraibuAlcohol Use Disorder — medical condition needing treatmentUgonjwa wa Matumizi ya PombeNACADA estimates 4M+ Kenyans affectedNACADA 4M+ Kenya
Story: Kamau's SlideHadithi: Mteremko wa KamauKamau, 19, started with two beers at campus parties. By second year, he needed four to "feel normal." By third year, he was skipping classes to drink chang'aa, had sold his laptop, and his HELB loan was gone in a week. He wasn't weak — alcohol had physically rewired his brain.Kamau, 19, alianza na bia mbili kwenye vyama vya chuo. Mwaka wa pili, alihitaji nne kujisikia "kawaida." Mwaka wa tatu, alikuwa anaruka madarasa kunywa chang'aa, aliuza laptop yake.
🇰🇪 Kenya Statistics & Chang'aa TragediesTakwimu za Kenya na Majanga ya Chang'aaKenya Stats na Chang'aa Tragedies
Statistic ENTakwimuFigure ENNambariSource ENChanzo
Kenyans with alcohol problemsWakenya wenye tatizo4+ millionMilioni 4+NACADA 2023NACADA 2023
Youth (15–24) who drinkVijana wanaokunywa31% of males, 12% females31% wa kiumeKNBSKNBS
Road deaths linked to alcoholVifo vya barabaraniOver 40% of accidentsZaidi ya 40%NTSA KenyaNTSA
Chang'aa poisoning deaths (2023)Vifo vya chang'aa 202340+ deaths, Nairobi aloneVifo 40+, NairobiMOH KenyaMOH
Minimum legal drinking ageUmri wa kunywa kisheria18 years (NACADA Act 2012)Miaka 18Government of KenyaSerikali
⚠️ The 2023 Nairobi chang'aa tragedy: 40+ people died after drinking illicit brew laced with methanol in Mukuru slums. Victims went blind before dying. The brew looked identical to regular chang'aa.Janga la chang'aa Nairobi 2023: Watu 40+ walifariki baada ya kunywa pombe haramu iliyochanganywa na methanol katika Mukuru. Waathiriwa walipofushwa kabla ya kufariki.
🗣️ SHENG
"Kunywa mara nyingi inaitwa 'kuchapa dawa', 'kuosha', 'kushika nguvu' — lakini maneno mazuri hayabadilishi madhara ya ubongo."
Drinking is often called "taking medicine", "washing", "getting strength" — but good language doesn't change the brain damage.
🎬 Video: Alcohol & The Young BrainVideo: Pombe na Ubongo wa KijanaVideo: Alcohol na Ubongo wa Kijana
🎬

Video will appear here when uploaded by your teacher.Video itaonekana hapa ikipakiwa na mwalimu wako.

Admin: Upload a video lesson to this module
🎭 Scenario: Social Pressure & RefusalHali: Shinikizo la Kijamii na KukataaScenario: Social Pressure na Refusal
Wanjiku, 17, is at a family gathering. Her uncle pours her a glass of busaa, saying "This is our culture — you're old enough." Her parents are not in the room.
What should Wanjiku do?
Brian, 19, at a campus party. His crew is all drinking. Someone says "Wewe ni mshamba — hata unaweza kunywa?" (You're a villager — can't even drink?)
How does Brian respond using DARE?
🛡️ Refusal Skills & Getting HelpUjuzi wa Kukataa na Kupata MsaadaRefusal Skills na Kupata Help

Use the DARE model when offered alcohol:Tumia mfano wa DARE unapopewa pombe:Use the DARE model when offered alcohol:

DARE Step ENHatuaWhat to Say ENUnachosemaSheng Version ENSheng
D — DeclineD — Kataa"No thanks, I'm good.""Hapana asante.""Siko — niko sawa."
A — AlternativeA — Mbadala"I'll have water/juice instead.""Nitakunywa maji/juisi.""Ninakunywa soda tu."
R — ReasonR — Sababu"I'm training / studying / driving.""Ninafanya mazoezi.""Niko serious na maisha."
E — ExitE — TokaWalk towards someone else or leave the area.Nenda kwa mtu mwingine."Naenda huku."

If you or someone you know has a problem with alcohol:Kama wewe au mtu unayemjua ana tatizo na pombe:If you or someone you know has a problem with alcohol:

Resource ENRasilimaliContact ENWasilianoNotes ENMaelezo
NACADA HelplineMsaada NACADA0800 723 253 (Free 24/7)0800 723 253Confidential counsellingUshauri wa siri
Mathari National HospitalHospitali ya Mathari020 2725860020 2725860Addiction treatment — NairobiMatibabu ya uraibu
School CounsellorMshauri wa ShuleAt your schoolShuleni kwakoFirst step — private and freeHatua ya kwanza
Befrienders KenyaBefrienders Kenya0800 723 2530800 723 253Mental health supportMsaada wa afya ya akili
⚠️ If someone has drunk too much: Place them in the recovery position (on their side). Never leave them alone. Call emergency services if unconscious. Do NOT give coffee — it does not sober someone up.Kama mtu amenywa sana: Mweke katika nafasi ya kupona. Usimwacha peke yake. Piga simu ya dharura akiwa amezimia.
📝 Reflection & PracticeTafakari na MazoeziReflection na Practice

Think about what you have learned about alcohol:Fikiria kuhusu ulichojifunza kuhusu pombe:Think about what you have learned about alcohol:

📓 Personal Reflection — Your answers are private and saved on this device only.Tafakari ya Kibinafsi — Majibu yako ni ya siri.

Write about a time you or someone you know faced pressure to drink. What happened? What would you do differently knowing what you know now?Andika kuhusu wakati ulipokabiliwa na shinikizo la kunywa. Nini kilitokea? Ungefanya nini tofauti sasa?

Quick CheckSwali la HarakaBefore moving to the quiz, can you answer these without looking back? (1) What does DARE stand for? (2) What is the NACADA helpline number? (3) Why is chang'aa more dangerous than regular beer? (4) At what age does the law allow drinking in Kenya?Kabla ya kwenda kwa jaribio, unaweza kujibu bila kuangalia? (1) DARE inamaanisha nini? (2) Nambari ya simu ya NACADA? (3) Kwa nini chang'aa ni hatari zaidi? (4) Umri gani wa kisheria kunywa Kenya?
📊 Quiz — 25 MarksJaribio — Alama 25Quiz — Marks 25

Complete all parts. 15/25 (60%) to earn your certificate.Kamilisha sehemu zote. 15/25 kupata cheti.Fanya sehemu zote. 15/25 kupata certificate.

Part A: MCQ — 10 marksSehemu A: MCQPart A: MCQ
1. The most dangerous aspect of chang'aa compared to commercial beer is:1. Hatari kubwa zaidi ya chang'aa ikilinganishwa na bia ya biashara ni:1. Hatari kubwa zaidi ya chang'aa ikilinganishwa na commercial beer ni:
AIt is much cheaper to produceNi nafuu zaidi kutengenezaNi cheap kutengeneza
BPossible methanol contamination causing blindness and deathUwezekano wa methanol inayosababisha upofu na kifoMethanol inaweza kusababisha blindness na death
CIt has a stronger flavourIna ladha kali zaidiIna stronger flavour
DIt is only sold in slum areasInauzwa tu katika maeneo ya mabondeniInuzwa tu kwa slums
2. Which brain region controls judgment and decision-making — and is most damaged by alcohol in adolescents?2. Sehemu gani ya ubongo inadhibiti hukumu na kufanya maamuzi — na inaharibiwa zaidi na pombe kwa vijana?2. Brain region gani inadhibiti judgment na decision-making — na inaharibiwa zaidi na alcohol kwa vijana?
ACerebellum — controls balanceCerebellum — inadhibiti usawaCerebellum — inadhibiti balance
BHippocampus — stores memoriesHippocampus — inahifadhi kumbukumbuHippocampus — inahifadhi memories
CPrefrontal cortex — judgment, impulse control, planningPrefrontal cortex — hukumu, udhibiti wa msukumoPrefrontal cortex — judgment, impulse control, planning
DAmygdala — processes fearAmygdala — inashughulikia hofuAmygdala — inashughulikia fear
3. Njeri, 17, is told "One beer won't hurt — everyone drinks at our age." The BEST response using DARE is:3. Njeri, 17, anaambiwa "Bia moja haitadhuru — kila mtu anakunywa katika umri wetu." Jibu BORA kwa kutumia DARE ni:3. Njeri, 17, anaambiwa "One beer haitaumiza — everyone anakunywa kwa umri wetu." Best response kwa DARE ni:
A"No thank you — I'll have a soda instead. I need to be sharp for training tomorrow.""Hapana asante — nitakunywa soda. Ninahitaji kuwa na nguvu kwa mafunzo kesho.""Hapana — nitakunywa soda. Ninahitaji kuwa sharp kwa training kesho."
BDrink one to avoid awkwardness and fit inKunywa moja ili kuepuka wasiwasiKunywa moja kuepuka awkwardness
CPretend to drink but pour it awayJifanya kunywa lakini mwagaPretend kunywa lakini pour
DAsk for advice from the group before decidingOmba ushauri kutoka kwa kikundi kabla ya kuamuaAsk group advice kabla ya decide
4. At what blood alcohol concentration does driving become illegal and dangerous in Kenya?4. Kwa mkusanyiko gani wa pombe katika damu kuendesha gari kunakuwa haramu na hatari nchini Kenya?4. Blood alcohol level gani kuendesha gari kunakuwa illegal na dangerous Kenya?
AAbove 0.15% BACZaidi ya 0.15%Zaidi ya 0.15%
BAbove 0.08% BACZaidi ya 0.08%Zaidi ya 0.08%
CAbove 0.20% BACZaidi ya 0.20%Zaidi ya 0.20%
DAny alcohol at all — zero tolerancePombe yoyote — uvumilivu wa sifuriAny alcohol — zero tolerance
5. Which physical symptom indicates the MOST serious stage of alcohol intoxication requiring emergency care?5. Dalili gani ya kimwili inaonyesha hatua MBAYA ZAIDI ya ulevi wa pombe inayohitaji huduma ya dharura?5. Physical symptom gani inaonyesha hatua mbaya zaidi ya alcohol intoxication inayohitaji emergency care?
ASlurred speech and impaired coordinationManeno ya makwazo na uratibu mbayaSlurred speech na impaired coordination
BFlushed face and increased confidenceUso mwekundu na kujiamini zaidiFlushed face na increased confidence
CNausea and stumblingKichefuchefu na kutelezaKichefuchefu na kuteleza
DUnconsciousness or unresponsivenessKupoteza fahamu au kutokujibuUnconsciousness au unresponsiveness
6. NACADA's free, confidential helpline number for alcohol problems is:6. Nambari ya simu ya msaada ya NACADA kwa matatizo ya pombe ni:6. NACADA free helpline number kwa alcohol problems ni:
A0800 720 7150800 720 7150800 720 715
B119011901190
C0800 723 2530800 723 2530800 723 253
D999999999
7. The main reason adolescents are MORE at risk from alcohol than adults is:7. Sababu kuu kwa nini vijana wana hatari ZAIDI kutokana na pombe kuliko watu wazima ni:7. Sababu kuu kwa nini vijana wana hatari ZAIDI kutokana na pombe kuliko adults ni:
ATheir brains are still developing, making them more vulnerable to addiction and cognitive damageUbongo wao bado unakua, na kuwafanya kuwa hatari zaidi kwa uraibu na uharibifu wa utambuziBrain yao bado inakua, wanaweza uraibu na cognitive damage haraka
BThey weigh less so alcohol affects them fasterWana uzito mdogo hivyo pombe inawaathiri harakaWana uzito mdogo hivyo alcohol inawaathiri haraka
CThey mix alcohol with soft drinks which increases toxicityWanachanganya pombe na vinywaji laini ambavyo huongeza sumuWanachanganya alcohol na soft drinks ambayo huongeza toxicity
DTheir liver cannot process alcohol at allIni lao haliwezi kusindika pombe kabisaIni lao haliwezi process alcohol kabisa
8. Kevin finds his older brother shaking badly in the morning and refusing to eat until he has had a drink. This behaviour MOST likely indicates:8. Kevin anamkuta kaka yake mkubwa akitetemeka vibaya asubuhi na kukataa kula hadi apate kinywaji. Tabia hii ZAIDI inaonyesha:8. Kevin anamkuta older brother wake akitetemeka vibaya asubuhi na kukataa kula hadi apate drink. Tabia hii inaonyesha:
AHe is hungry and needs foodAna njaa na anahitaji chakulaAna njaa na anahitaji food
BHe is experiencing a severe hangoverAna hangover mbayaAna severe hangover
CHe has alcohol dependence and is experiencing withdrawal symptomsAna utegemezi wa pombe na ana dalili za kujiondoaAna alcohol dependence na withdrawal symptoms
DHe is trying to increase his appetite with alcoholAnajaribu kuongeza hamu yake ya kula na pombeAnajaribu kuongeza appetite yake na alcohol
9. Which statement about "moderate drinking" is MOST accurate for Kenyan adolescents?9. Kauli gani kuhusu "unywaji wa wastani" ni SAHIHI ZAIDI kwa vijana wa Kenya?9. Statement gani kuhusu "moderate drinking" ni ACCURATE ZAIDI kwa vijana wa Kenya?
A1–2 drinks per day is safe for anyone over 16Vinywaji 1-2 kwa siku ni salama kwa yeyote zaidi ya 16Vinywaji 1-2 kwa siku ni safe kwa yeyote zaidi ya 16
BMixing alcohol with food eliminates health risksKuchanganya pombe na chakula huondoa hatari za kiafyaKuchanganya pombe na chakula huondoa health risks
COnly distilled spirits are harmful — beer and wine are safeVipindi vya kufuliwa tu ni hatari — bia na divai ni salamaOnly distilled spirits ni harmful — beer na wine ni safe
DThere is no safe level of alcohol for adolescents under 18Hakuna kiwango salama cha pombe kwa vijana chini ya 18Hakuna safe level ya alcohol kwa vijana chini ya 18
10. Amina notices her classmate Juma smells of alcohol at 8am, has been missing classes, and sold his phone. The MOST appropriate first step is:10. Amina anaona mwenzake Juma ananuka pombe saa mbili asubuhi, amekuwa akikosa madarasa, na aliuza simu yake. Hatua INAYOFAA ZAIDI ya kwanza ni:10. Amina anaona classmate wake Juma ananuka alcohol saa mbili asubuhi, amekuwa missing classes, na alituza simu. Most appropriate first step ni:
AReport him to the headteacher immediately without talking to him firstMripoti kwa mkurugenzi mara moja bila kuzungumza naye kwanzaMripoti kwa headteacher mara moja bila kuzungumza naye kwanza
BTalk to Juma privately and with care: "Nakujali — nimeona mabadiliko, je, uko sawa?"Zungumza na Juma kwa faragha na kwa upendo: "Nakujali — nimeona mabadiliko, je, uko sawa?"Zungumza na Juma kwa faragha: "Nakujali — nimeona changes, je, uko sawa?"
CIgnore it — it is not your problemKupuuza — si tatizo lakoIgnore — si problem yako
DTell all his friends about his problemMwambie marafiki wake wote kuhusu tatizo lakeMwambie marafiki wake wote kuhusu problem yake
Part B: Fill in the Blanks — 5 marksSehemu B: Jaza NafasiPart B: Fill Blanks

The toxic alcohol found in illicit brews like chang'aa that causes blindness is called ______.Pombe yenye sumu inayopatikana katika pombe haramu kama chang'aa inayosababisha upofu inaitwa ______.Toxic alcohol inayopatikana kwa illicit brews kama chang'aa inayosababisha blindness inaitwa ______.

The legal minimum drinking age in Kenya under the NACADA Act is ______ years.Umri wa chini wa kisheria wa kunywa pombe Kenya chini ya Sheria ya NACADA ni miaka ______.Legal minimum drinking age Kenya chini ya NACADA Act ni miaka ______.

The free, 24-hour NACADA helpline for alcohol and drug problems in Kenya is ______.Laini ya msaada ya bure ya saa 24 ya NACADA kwa matatizo ya pombe na dawa Kenya ni ______.Free 24-hour NACADA helpline kwa alcohol na drug problems Kenya ni ______.

D in the DARE alcohol refusal model stands for ______.D katika mfano wa kukataa pombe wa DARE inasimama kwa ______.D kwa DARE alcohol refusal model inasimama kwa ______.

Repeated memory blackouts during drinking are a sign of ______ damage, not normal fun.Kupoteza kumbukumbu mara kwa mara wakati wa kunywa ni ishara ya uharibifu wa ______, si raha ya kawaida.Repeated memory blackouts wakati wa drinking ni sign ya ______ damage, si normal fun.

Part C: Short Answer — 10 marksSehemu C: Majibu MafupiPart C: Short Answer

Explain THREE specific ways that regular alcohol use by a 17-year-old damages their developing brain. (4 marks)Eleza NJIA TATU maalum ambazo matumizi ya pombe ya mara kwa mara na kijana wa miaka 17 hudhuru ubongo wake unaokua. (alama 4)Explain NJIA TATU maalum jinsi regular alcohol use na kijana wa miaka 17 inaharibu developing brain yao. (marks 4)

Your friend has drunk too much chang'aa at a party and is now unconscious. Write exactly what you would do step by step. (3 marks)Rafiki yako amenywa chang'aa nyingi sana kwenye karamu na sasa amezimia. Andika hasa unachofanya hatua kwa hatua. (alama 3)Friend yako amenywa chang'aa nyingi sana kwa party na sasa amezimia. Andika exactly unachofanya step by step. (marks 3)

Using NACADA statistics, explain why alcohol is described as the most serious drug problem facing Kenyan youth. (3 marks)Kwa kutumia takwimu za NACADA, eleza kwa nini pombe inafafanuliwa kama tatizo kubwa zaidi la dawa linalowaathiri vijana wa Kenya. (alama 3)Kwa kutumia NACADA statistics, explain kwa nini alcohol inafafanuliwa kama serious drug problem facing Kenyan youth. (marks 3)

Below 60% — try again!Chini ya 60%!Chini ya 60%!

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